Software Architecture Design Approach

softw be package computer computer computer computer computer architecture foundation ApproachRizwan Umaid Ali1 ease up and Test as a parcel computer architecture endeavor Approach1.1 approximately the WriterLen Bass from the softw ar program Engineering Institute, CMU. Published in European company on softw ar program computer architecture 2009.1.2 IntroductionSoftw be computer architecture foundation has become a fundamental component of bundle program tuition life cycle. As opposite components of life cycle pilevasing the design of the architecture is important and relates instantaneously to overall theatrical role of the Software Application.1.3 ProblemTo make a Software Architecture a design decision procedure that crowd out test the design hypothesis, test woodland of it and identify issues and rank them on the bum of priority. The process entrust develop test case on apiece step of design process. This ordain result a sequential process in which f or each one design will be developed and well-tried and thus improving the overall design quality of software arranging.1.4 Design HypothesisMost designs are created in the context of an existing transcription, even so it is created from scratch and not being modified. Consider this our initial hypothesis put up come from succeeding(a) sourcesThe system we will modify or the in the raw functionality we will add.A functionally similar system.A manikin designed to provide services which will help in design process.A collection of legacy/open-source applications.1.5 Establish Test Cases afterward(prenominal) we bring way our initial hypothesis we substantiate to determine how to identify if design satisfies the quality benchmark expected from the application. For this we hold back to establish test cases and identify trinity sources for it. advert perspectives which can be utilize to generate test cases.Identify architecturally significant wants.View special use cases. A minute of use cases can be derived by thinking about particular(prenominal) architectural put one acrosss.1.6 Test ProcedureHaving the test cases of design hypothesis, following methods can be used to test the design and detect its shortcomings.Analytic manakins development quality attributes.Develop simulations of how design will support the test cases. realize prototype of initial design. Needs more effort but gives beaver result.1.7 Test Result and Next HypothesisThe test result will either show that the design hypothesis passes all tests and fulfills the quality requirement or there are shortcomings. The quality attributes these shortcomings relate to should be place first. We can use dickens approaches to alter the design.Apply architectural patterns to problems detected. map architectural tactics to address for specific quality attributes.The updated/next hypothesis will go through the above process recursively until the design with mandatory quality is achieved or the time allocated for the design process runs out.1.8 ConclusionThis radical presents a software architecture design process where we will test, confirm and update our design until it reaches the quality benchmark.The architect of the software system can use this process to identify shortcomings and make decisions for alternative design structures.2 SecArch Architecture-level Evaluation and testing for Security2.1 About the WriterSarah Al-Azzani and Rami Bahsoon from University of Birmingham. Published in Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA) in 2012.2.2 IntroductionSoftware architecture sit arounds or views are evaluated for espial problems early in the software development lifecycle. We can detect detailed protection vulnerabilities at this stage and get a chance to advance quality at a very low be. This paper presents methodological analysis for sensing security vulnerabilities caused by implied scenarios and lam see t o its.2.3 ProblemIncorporating multiple views of an architecture and studying the communications betwixt them and give ways analyze security concerns in con true systems. This will do by comparison between complete vs incomplete system models using two methods,one for detecting implied scenarios using behaviour models,and one for detecting race conditions using scenario diagrams.2.4 Scenario-based specificationsScenario-based specifications are based on procedural-flow through components. Each scenario explains a partial view of the concurrent system. The scenario-based model will have following three propertiesthe composing of scenarios from multiple component views of the software system,the attainable continuations between multiple scenario andthe concealed implied scenarios.2.5 Implied ScenariosImplied scenarios can be formed my dynamically combining two different scenarios together and provide an architectural flow for them is state fitation. Below is an typeface of beha vior model which is combining two different scenarios together. It uses an incremental algorithmic program for detecting inconsistent implied scenarios from sequence models.Figure 1 behavior model compositors case2.6 Detecting step on it ConditionsWe can apply race condition scenarios to above model and identify security vulnerabilities. Below are the 3 possible cases. Race Condition 1 disabling the innkeeper during authentication. Race Condition 2 what happens when the user commits to buy an item trance the server is being disabled. Race Condition 3 what happens when the server is disabled while the user is logging off.Below are sequence diagrams for these three race conditions.Figure 2 Race Conditions2.7 ConclusionThis paper presented an incremental architecture evaluation method that merges behavior models with structural analysis for cleansed detection of inconsistencies. We examined the concept of implied scenarios and detection of race conditions.The writer likewise com pared his proposed method with current industry practices and tested the on industry projects. He found that his method can give better results. The future work will pore on generating test cases to perform live testing on the system under test.3 Towards a Generic Architecture for Multi-Level Modeling3.1 About the WriterThomas Aschauer, Gerd Dauenhauer, Wolfgang Pree from University of Salzburg. Published in European Conference on Software Architecture 2009.3.2 IntroductionSoftware architecture good example frameworks are essential for representing architecture and their views and the viewpoints they are derived from.Conventional modeling approaches like UML do not have sufficient complexity to explain the models and meta-models (defining the models) of architecture.3.3 Problem familiar purpose meta-models are used in the conventional modeling techniques, which are not sufficient for modern software models. Model driven architecture has to use more generic approach to describe mul tilevel architecture.3.4 model-driven engineering and parameter generationModel-driven engineering (MDE) is method for managing complexities of developing large software intensive systems. The models in MDE are the main artifacts describing a system firing under design process. This paper aims at developing a framework for model-driven generation of automation system var. parameters using a testbed platform.The configuration parameters for the automation system can be generated automatically when a testbed model includes hardware and software components.Figure 3 Testbed configuration MDE3.5 Presented Prototypical carrying into actionThe below example explain the modeling approach presented in this paper. region is an example of the fixed meta-model elements represented as code in the environment. contrary types of engines can now be either initiated using the Component, or by cloning the initial Engine and copying t to radical engine.In the example, the Engine has two attribute s, Inertia and MaxSpeed. In prototypical approach each element is an instance and must provide values to these attributes. Diesel and Otto represent two kinds of engines since they are cloned from Engine, they receive copies of the attributes Inertia and MaxSpeed, as well as their values. Italics script is used to mark such copied attributes grey text is used to express that the attribute values are kept unchanged.Figure 4 Meta-models exampleIn Figure 4 DType represents a family of diesel engines. D1 lastly is a concrete, physically existing member.3.6 ConclusionThis paper we presented applications of multi-level modeling in the domain of testbed automation systems and why conventional modeling is insufficient for our MDE requirements and how multi-level modeling can solve the representation issues. They presented an approach to represent models in a great deal more detail with simple notations.4 Automated reliability prophecy from formal architectural descriptions4.1 About the Wr iterJo ao M. Franco, Raul Barbosa and M ario Zenha-Rela University of Coimbra, Portugal. Published in Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA) in 2012.4.2 IntroductionAssessment of quality attributes (i.e., non-functional requirements, such as performance, safe or reliability) of software architectures during design phase so early decisions are validated and the quality requirements are achieved.4.3 ProblemThese quality requirements are approximately often manually checked, which is time consuming and error-prone due to the overwhelmingly complexity of designs.A new approach to assess the reliability of software architectures. It consists in extracting and validating a Markov model from the system specification indite in an Architecture Description Language (ADL).4.4 Reliability Prediction exerciseThere are many different methods to achieve reliability farsightedness are known, each targeting diverse failure behaviours and different reliability judgement methods. The writer presented the below process for reliability omen.Architecture and Module assignment and their interactions.The Probability of Failure specified in terms of a percentage. combining the architecture with the failure behaviour. Below is an example of batch sequential musical mode state model using the Marov model.Figure 5 Markov model exampleValidation of the ProcessThe validation of the process presented by the writer was done in two steps robustness of Reliability PredictionValidity with different architectural styles.The validations were compared to previous research studies. It was found that results were similar proving that the numeral models were accurate.5 In Search of a Metric for Managing Architectural skillful Debt5.1 About the WriterRobert L. Nord and Ipek Ozkaya from the Software Engineering Institute, CMU. Published in European Conference on Software Architecture 2009.5.2 IntroductionThe technical debt is trade-off between short-term and long-term value. Taking shortcuts to optimize the delivery of features in the short term incurs debt, analogous to financial debt, that must be remunerative off later to optimize long-term victor. This paper demonstrates a architecture focused and measurement based approach to calculate technical debt by describing an application under development.5.3 ProblemTechnical debt thoroughly relays on system evaluation. An geological formation which has to evolve its system has to make sure if future development will not increase its debt and have a light cost. In this paper the writer develops a metric that assists in strategically managing technical debt.5.4 Architecture Debt AnalysisWe will analyze technical debt on two different paths. Both paths have different priorities.Path 1 assume soon.To deliver a working version of the system quickly, the plan calls for making the minimum required effort at the beginning.Path 2 contract rework and enable compatibility.Requir es an investment in infrastructure during the first deliveries. woo compression of both paths is illustrated in the table below. display board 1 terms ComparisonWe can calculate the total cost T with a function fetching implementation cost and rework cost as input.T = F( Ci, Cr)For simplicity we consider the function sums both the cost up only. We can now compare the total cost with the cumulative cost.Table 2 Cost comparison with cumulative cost5.5 Modeling remouldIn immediate software development an important challenge is to give value to long term goals then short term. The cost of taking an architectural design decision today always has a demean cost than refactoring the design in future implementations.An organization should have the following prospective towards its technical debt.Focusing on short term goals puts the organization technical jeopardy, when the debt cannot be further handled.Using shortcuts can give success on short term until the rework be starts to come a nd the cost and timeline becomes unmanageable.The architectural decisions requires active follow-ups and continuous cost analysis. This is to make sure that the design decision will make an impact in future costs of development.5.6 ConclusionFrom this research we conclude that the future development of well-designed application has lower cost and is less tentative. Therefore the technical debt in lower if the architecture is well defined and fulfills quality attributes requirement.6 Research Topic Testing Software Architectural Changes and adapting best practices to achieve highest quality in a quantifiable manner.6.1 IntroductionWe have looked into testing methodologies and design process and possible technical debt on software architecture. We now look how our technical debt will be effected if due t future requirements the architecture have to be changed.6.2 Proposed Research ProblemWe will first Estimating Technical debt onExistingSoftware architecture and Software system. Then using Design changes and code changes for estimating technical debt and quality attributes. The prediction is made based on comparisons with similar change bursts that occurred in the Architecture. The views of software architecture will be used. This is applicable in Agile Development.6.3 Types of changesWe can classify each type of change in architecture by analyzing the overall impact of it on the architecture and possibilities of technical debt from it. We also assign a propagation value to each type of debt so that its estimated suavity can be quantified. minute architectural change in one or some views.Low Technical Debt increase (0.10) accessory of new architecture. Architecture for new functionality added.Medium Technical Debt increase (0.30)Small changes in several views.High Technical Debt increase (0.60)Massive architectural change is several views.High Technical Debt increase (0.80)6.4 Proposed SolutionAfter analyzing research papers and book Software Architecture in ex pend, I can give following points on how the technical debt of new architecture can be managed.Compare updated architecture and see how the updates have increased the technical debt.Apply same test cases which were used in the initial software architecture.See how quality attributes are increased or decreased after the update.6.5 Reduction of Technical DebtTo reduce the technical debt after architectural changes following strategies can be adopted.6.5.1 RefactoringApply architectural patterns to improve several quality attributes.Use architectural tactics to address for specific quality attributes.6.5.2 Retaining existing Architecture ModelsContinue the existing architecture in patterns.Search for Modifiability tactics already used. Stick to that tactics.7 References1 Len Bass Generate and test as a software architecture design approach. WICSA/ECSA 2009 rogue 309 312.2 Sarah Al-Azzani and Rami Bahsoon. SecArch Architecture-level Evaluation and Testing for Security. In 2012 Joint W orking IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), pages 51 60, Aug. 2012.3 Thomas Aschauer, Gerd Dauenhauer, Wolfgang Pree. Towards a Generic Architecture for Multi-Level Modeling. European Conference on Software Architecture 2009 Page 121 130.4 J. Franco, R. Barbosa, and M. Zenha-Rela. Automated reliability prediction from formal architectural descriptions. In 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA) and European Conference on Software Architecture (ECSA), pages 302 -309, Aug. 2012.5 R. Nord, I. Ozkaya, P. Kruchten, and M. Gonzalez-Rojas, In search of a metric for managing architectural technical debt, in 2012 Joint Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture and sixth European Conference on Software Architecture, 2012, pp. 91-100.

MIS implementation at AC Ltd | Analysis

MIS instruction execution at AC Ltd synopsisA scheme REPORT On heed Information carcass of AC Ltd. table OF CONTENTSS. NO.PARTICULARSPAGE NO.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT3 executive director SUMMARY41INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF MIS52COMPANY PROFILE63OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY74SCOPE OF THE STUDY75TYPES OF MIS AND USES87ROLES OF MIS88 explanation NATURE OF randomness SYSTEM129 description and Analysis employment of Information system of rulessMIS STUDY AT AC LIMITED9.1 frequent Information9.2 Need For co-ordinated MIS9.3 MIS Functions Provided by Current MIS9.4 Architecture of MIS at AC Limited9.5 arsenal guidance mental faculty Of Current MIS12-2411 judgement OF CURRENT USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS, identification of problems2412RECOMMENDATION for future ripenings in routine of IS2513GANTT CHART2814REFERENCES29 administrator SUMMARY qualification findings is an integral secern in the functioning of whatsoever brass section. To facilitate Decision making in this ever-competitive worl d it is imperative that managers bugger off the right information at the right clipping to bridge the spreadhead between need and expectation. For better flow of information an adequate forethought Information Systems (MIS) is the need of this age. Thus it is important to realise an intellectual of the MIS followed in an organization by every last(predicate) levels of forethought in order to final payment effective and appropriate decisions.A management information arrangement collects and processes selective information (information) and provides it to managers at in all levels who manipulation it for decision making, planning, program implementation, and control. The MIS has many roles to complete identical the decision concomitant role, the movement monitoring role and the employmentable support role.To get a realistic view of the MIS, Ive gone(a) through the MIS of AC Limited. For the purpose of getting in depth understanding of particular functions of the hi gh society, I foc utilise the postulate, uses and benefits of MIS with respect to the Material Department of the family. For the proviso of this report, strain charge has primarily been focused.AC Limited is one of the first-class honours degree Pakistani companies to unclutter the potential difference and importance of information engine room and to dramatize automation and IT infrastructure. The preliminary computerization took place in 1986.The organization has travelled a extensive carriage from the days in 1986 when it was using saucer-eyed keypunching machines. Significant improvements were made in the application system of ruless and infrastructure. From Batch processing to online systems, from IBM1401 to the latest UNIX and Windows XP and 2003 found machines organization has made timely transitions determined by the available technologies. Throughout this evolution the MIS remained synchronized to the information flow in the organization and the management f elt up that it has played a role in the boilersuit growth and change magnituded performance of the organization.INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF MISManagement Information Systems (MIS) is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, selective information bases and info models, as its components. The system gathers data from Internal and External sources of an organization processes it and supplies Management Information to incite managers in the process in decision making. Thus it is safe to reason that an information system is a system consisting of the mesh topology of all conference channels used within an organization. at that place argon many potential benefits of MIS investmentsInvesting in information systems can pay off for a company in many ways. It can support a spunk competency. Enhance distribution channel management. Builds brand equity. IT investment can advertise output processes Information systems allow company flexibility in its end harvest-time leve l.An information system comprises of all the components that collect, manipulate, and deliver data or information. It ordinarily allow ins hardw atomic number 18, packet, people, communications systems much(prenominal) as telephone lines, and the data itself. The activities involved include inputting data, processing of data into information, storage of data and information, and the production of outputs such as management reports.COMPANY PROFILE THE ACC LIMITEDAC (AC Limited) is Pakistans foremost conciliater of cement and concrete. ACs mental processs atomic number 18 spread throughout the coun discipline with 14 modern cement factories, 13 Ready mix concrete plants, 19 sales offices, and several zonal offices. It has a workforce of roughly 9000 persons and a countrywide distribution network of over 9,000 dealers. ACs question and development initiation has a unique track record of innovative research, product development and specialized consultancy services. Since it s inception in 1936, the company has been a trendsetter and important benchmark for the cement industry in respect of its production, marketing and personnel management processes. Its commitment to environment-friendliness, its high ethical standards in craft dealings and its on-going efforts in community welfare programs concur won it acclaim as a responsible corporate citizen. AC has made significant contributions to the nation expression process by way of musical note products, services and sharing its expertise.In the 70 days of its existence, AC has been a pioneer in the manufacture of cement and concrete and a trendsetter in many areas of cement and concrete technology including improvements in raw material utilization, process improvement, energy conservation and development of high performance concretes.ACs brand chassis is synonymous with cement and enjoys a high level of equity in the Indian market. It is the only cement company that figures in the list of Consumer ace Brands of India.The companys various patronagees are supported by a powerful, in-house research and technology backup facility the only one of its kind in the Indian cement industry. This en for certains not just consistency in product quality but also continuous improvements in products, processes, and application areas.AC has sizingable experience in mining, being the largest user of limestone, and it is also one of the principal users of coal. As the largest cement producer in India, it is one of the biggest customers of the Indian Railways, and the foremost user of the road transport network services for inward and outward movement of materials and products.ACC has also extended its services overseas to the Middle East, Africa, and atomic number 16 America, where it has provided technical and managerial consultancy to a variety of consumers, and also helps in the operation and maintenance of cement plants abroad.ACC demonstrates the practices of being a good corporat e citizen task a wide range of activities to improve the living conditions of the under-privileged classes living skilful its factories.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe objective of this report is to study the MIS implementation at AC Ltd. and with the help of this domain, to get an insight into the needs of MIS in employment setups on a big scale, various functions performed by the MIS, benefits derived out of such a system and the risks involved.I intend to aim my study at analyzing the clientele needs of the organization, key challenges or desired functional requirements of the MIS, the IT consequence that is currently implemented and the outcome of such a system.AC Ltd. requires MIS to defend internal processes and interaction with the external environment to the technology and ensure the answer delivers real benefits to the business.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of this study is to understand the reasons buns the need of MIS in AC Ltd. This study leads to the MIS support to the Company as a whole with special emphasis on Inventory Management practiced in the Material Stores Department of the company. Through the interaction with the executives of AC Limited, we get an insight about the effectiveness of the MIS in place at the organization.TYPES OF MIS AND USESMIS CLASSIFICATIONMIS is a concept, which is a matter of degree rather than an impregnable one. In management there are perhaps few an otherwise(prenominal) areas other than MIS which gas created so much controversy. We would make an attempt to try to look into assorted types of MIS as they have evolved during the course of time. Transaction impact System Management Information System Decision Support System Executive Support System Office Automation System avocation Expert SystemFUNCTIONAL USES AND ROLES OF MIS THE PERFORMANCE MONITORING ROLEMIS are not just statistics and data abbreviation. They have to be used as an MBO (Management by Objectives) tool. They help to establish relevant and meas urable objectives to monitor results and performances (reach ratios) to rank alerts, in some cases daily, to managers at each level of the organization, on all deviations between results and pre-established objectives and budgets.THE FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT ROLEBusiness processes and operations support function is the most basic. It involves collecting, recording, storing, and basic processing of data. Information systems support business processes and operations by recording, storing and processing sales data, obtain data, investment data, payroll surgical incision data and other accounting records recording, storing and processing scrutinize data, work in process data, equipment remunerate and maintenance data, egress chain data, and other production/operations records recording, storing and processing personnel data, salary data, employment histories, and other gentle resources records recording, storing and processing market data, customer profiles, customer purchase histories , marketing research data, advertising data, and other marketing records recording, storing an processing business intelligence data, rival analysis data, industry data, corporate objectives, and other strategic management recordsuse of all the above to implement, control, and monitor plans, strategies, tactics, new products, new business models or new business ventures. THE DECISION SUPPORT ROLEThe business decision making support function goes one step further. It is an integral part of making decisions. It allows users to ask What if? questions What if we increase the price by 5%? What if we increase price by 10%? What if we decrease price by 5%? What if we increase price by 10% now, then decrease it by 5% in three months? It also allows users to deal with contingencies If inflation increases by 5% (instead of 2% as we are assuming), then what do we do? What do we do if we are faced with a strike or a new competitive threat?ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ACC LTD.Description and Nature of Information SystemINVENTORY MANAGEMENTA product that is in excessive demand is usually extremely difficult to manage. planning the right amount of products implies that an faultless demand forecast is essential. This holds the impact on the entire return chain to facilitate efficient consumer response based on consumer demands it becomes imperative that such companies consider breed management seriously. Making accurate demand and supply predictions is an ideal situation that anyone in the supply chain management arena could dream off.By providing timely accurate information pertaining to inventory location, movement and valuation, receipt of goods, sale and return of goods and gain you can make sure that your inventory is visible throughout a network.With inventory management you can set your product catalog to cross products that are not in stock, or change prices based on the amount of products available in the warehouse. The quantity available can be displayed to the shopper and this can prevent unnecessary confusion when the shopper adds items not available to a shopping cart. The store buyer can be automatically notified about low inventory levels.IT (Information Technology) is a key enabler in the transformation of buy into a strategic business function. The challenge is to find a way to put these technologies to use and create value and competitive advantage.The Main Objectives in Inventory Management are Improved customer service cut back inventory investment Increased productivity Benefits of inventory management applications over(p) control of inventory. get along information about the value of the inventory Complete visibility on Quantities on hand, Quantities committed and Quantities sold Response time to demand changes reduced Increased sales Knowledge of the exact size of merchandizing inventory valuees and insurance premiums paid on excess merchandize inventory avoided.DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSAC is on e of the first Indian companies to realize the potential and importance of information technology and adopt automation and IT. The organization started computerizing its systems as early as 1986. The organization has traveled a long way from the days in 1986 when it was using simple keypunching machines. Significant improvements have been made in the application systems and infrastructure. From Batch processing to on-line systems, from IBM1401 to the latest UNIX and Windows 2003 based machines it has made timely transitions determined by available technologies and business requirements.AC has made a quantum jump from in-house developed systems using prophet 9i and Developer 6i to an ERP based solution. This decision was solely based on its strategic objectives and the business benefits that are expected to follow. With this move people, business processes and technologies across the country are aligned.The implementation of ERP solution for process control is shown in the figure bel ow.Fig.1 The ERP implementation for process control at AC Ltd. IT department is button up constantly working on improving the functionality and re mournful the errors of the system. As a result system is becoming better day-by-day, thus improving the productivity of the company. NEED FOR AN structured MISThe benefits associated with an integrated MIS are Better processing of the large volume of data in an organization. Reducing the Redundancy of Data that occurs in case of crystallise packages. Availability of all the required information about any department through a common system. Making the system capable of sustenance the managers in making decisions. Facilitate the communication between the various regional offices of the company and the corporate office along with the main plant. Use of online data to speed up the information flow of the organization and facilitate decision-makingFUNCTIONS PROVIDED BY CURRENT MISPlant (Manufacturing Maintenance)Production learn down a nd Plant performance Module MIS Reports and stoppage Module, Stock positionRaw Materials Management System Integration with weight-lift Bridge and Security Gate Daily stock, recognise position and bill passing Transport Freight honorarium SystemsWeigh Bridge compound with Security Gate Stopped one mechanised weigh bridge 500 trucks can weigh for gross and slicker in single day5002 = 1000 Time Management Reports, truck front line reports Weighment is integrated with invoice cum challan freight rate Payment truck position inside and outside the plant.Computerized Preventive Maintenance Software some(prenominal) plant are using this module Preventive Maintenance and Break down Module Shutdown module and integrated with inventory calculate of spares and skills usage moduleInward Outward Materials SecurityControl on returnable goods stimulate Order and analysis Work Order exit be prepared by authorized person Provided to all departments. Integrated with Rate Master And budg et.Labour Deployment and accounting System Daily supply of Contractor Labour deployment Against regular, adhoc and shutdown requirements Daily/monthly/yearly analysis reports Contractor labour Bill passing systemCommercial Applications marketing news report and analysis System Excise module and Sales Tax Module Transport Bill passing module Order Confirmations and localise Instruction Free Market Requirements, Railway acknowledge Commercial Invoice, account Note, Credit Notes.Stores Inventory Non Inventory On Line indent, Issue and Receipt Materials Delivery Schedule Controlling the inventory Controlling the increased inventory Stores Ledger, consumption Summary MIS reports, Budget V/s Actual Consumption. Integrated with financial software program Repair maintenance inventory, Department Wise Expenses. grease ones palms Management System Purchase Order integration with indent On line enquiry, Party wise information Pending list of purchase order MIS reports, Purchase / inden tion Register Payment Advice System (Advance, regular) financial Accounting System All types of voucher feeding Purchase and freight bill passing Other Expenses bill passing and TDS Module General Ledger, Sub Ledger and Trial balance of two Financial years Auto payment advice, Bank forwarding letters, payment System, everyplacehead Analysis reports. Integrated with inventory and Payroll module MIS Reports Cash Budget,Vehicle Movement Controlling on Taxi, Car etcOn line General information System Information provided to Users about On line Leave lieu I.e. opening, availed and closing status Electricity Deduction Employee wise, Quarter wise Over time Status department wise Welfare rules and Regulations, Telephone list, unintended etc Actual Consumption against budget, Welfare informationHuman Resource information Topic Courses, General Awareness Programme, TNA of Workmen, TNA of LCW, Individual record of ext/int nurture, Pending Training etc.Payroll PIS Module Payslips of Staff, Worker, School, Badli Casual Worker PF, VPF, Bonus, Gratuity Module LIC, CTD, Thrift Society, Co-operative advances Module. Recovery Deduction, PIS and Income Tax Employee wise Integrated with Financial software Over Time, C-off Module Payroll of Marketing Department (Transferred from HO)Sales Accounting Systems Sales Accounting Systems, Rent Payment System Data loading, Expenses Payment System, Freight Payment, MIS, Transferring in FASGate Pass System (Returnable Non-returnable goods) All goods send through Computerized Gate Pass Integrated with Gate System. Pending repair items informationArchitecture of MIS at AC LimitedCurrent MIS of the company is basically a In-house developed system, also comprising of few specialized readymade software packages bought from outside developers. It comprises of 11 main modules covering all the main functions of the company.Inventory Management Module is one of the most important parts of the system. It is exceedingly integrated with the ot her modules and capable of functionalities like Auto Alarming when inventory is low. It is capable of generating more than than 200 different types of reports to help managers in different required ways. Its main parts include Inventory issue, purchase, bill passing, other OER passing, freight passing, stock updation etc.DFDs and Data processing diagramsInventory Package Context Level Diagram (CFD)Inventory Package Issue DFDInventory Purchase DFDData Processing (Full Inventory Module)Application used for Work order Preparation at The ACC Ltd.1. ITEM CODE CREATIONThere are 9 types of item group in Non Catalogue fact Medicines 806 Stationary 807 Repair Order 808 Transportation Order 809 Raw materials 810 detonating device Orders 811 Job Orders 812 Laboratory Items 813 Direct book orders 8142. Indent Posting3. Indent Sanctioning4. Indent Type Updationimage5. Order Preparation6. Order PrintingimageASSESSMENT OF CURRENT USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSIDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMSAfter analyzi ng the system properly, we came to a basic conclusion that system is working fine at an overall level and consisting of very minimal problems. These problems cant be give tongue to as such problems and instead can be stated as future path. Still we tried to jot down the few of them, which are as follows Still lack of system integration after a level. Though inventory management module is integrated well with all the other modules like financial system, thus reducing the redundancy. But still there is need of paper work and manual intervention when rate is required. System cannot be configured to reorder automatically, even for the fast moving raw material. Lack of Web Integration. AC hasnt still apply the concept of taking orders or club through web and have no integration of its system to its website. Legacy Network Support. Backbone network used by AC is still the same, which they used in 1993. They harbort upgraded the network support from then, which has started creating p roblems for them already. As MIS of the company is improving day-by-day including more and more functionalities, the network has already become very slow. Lack of preparation to managers to effectively use the decision support functionalities of system. This is another problem that we felt at the company. IT department is basically making the improvements in the system continuously with new added functionalities, but there is lack of training to managers to effectively use these functions in way that can support them to make better decisions. For example, on an average, a manager uses only 10-15 types of reports out of more than 200 types of reports available.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR in store(predicate) DEVELOPMENTConsidering the given problems, their analysis and research on comparative MIS systems used in the similar kind of industries, our group is presenting following recommendations for the company.IT department of the company should now work towards integration the system on a hi gher(prenominal) level and making the company Paper-Less Office. This should be through by integrating the system in a way that the manual intervention be minimized in the day-to-day process.The company should also start Web-Based ordering and selling, so that to be able to catch up with the growing industry.As more improvements in MIS would be done, and Web-support to be also incorporated, it is more than sure that current Network available is going to crash. To cop this, company needs to upgrade its network. For this purpose, we suggest the tie-up of company with some outside contractors like IBM or CISCO to continuously upgrade and maintain their network.With each up gradation, we suggest training to the managers of the company about effectively using the added functionalities and use of them in a better way. This can be also done by providing a handbook along with each up gradation.REFERENCESOfficials Contacted fromMr. surface-to-air missile Joseph (Deputy Manager, IT Department ), AC Limited.Secondary SourcesManagement Information Systems A Managerial Perspective, D.P. Goyalwww.tcs.comwww.sap.com

IB Theory of Knowledge

IB Theory of KnowledgeAll piece beings, by learning how to agree and disagree with particular subjects, pay opinions and thus discourse them. But how do the opinions of respectable help us re meddlesome for certain acquaintance? Before, experts were figures whom we, as human beings, trust and depend on to find accuracy from our insights. They hand advanced noesis, skills and understanding. wherefore what is the difference between opinions and friendship? Opinions atomic number 18 what we intend about a particular question. We shape our beliefs ground either on experiences or senses, or on the knowledge we have. However, the real rootage for our opinion has been vague until now. Thus, we all have different opinions on a same issue at different levels. Knowledge is what we gain from our experiences, perceptions and cogitate by associating with various matters. An definitive fact about opinions and knowledge is that they be correlated. We use both knowledge and opinion s to acquire opinions and knowledge. Which one is more significant the between the two? Is it opinion or knowledge? The question addresses how important the opinions of experts atomic number 18 and in what theaters of knowledge they atomic number 18 important.Our knowledge depends generally on knowledge that is inherited from the past. This is because it is evidenced that we trust it more. Opinions argon the land of hypothesis and what make convictions on the opinions stronger are physical objects, facts and people. We call them in a word, testimony. For example, a hypothesis merely begins as an opinion alone develops into a theory with various testimonies. Natural science, the study of physics, chemistry and biology, as well as often include the usage of experts opinions. For example Charles Darwin who played an important role in developing the ontogenyary theory insisted on the fact that evolution is a result of natural selection. There were groups against his theory. However, by his take ining a series of observations and deductions, people were convinced and commitd his philosophy. People were persuaded by his testimony, evidence. Without the testimony, the opinion of experts is non semiprecious and theory often can non be built such experts will be contri excepting less or with no credible knowledge for us. serviceman science, the study and interpretation of the experiences, activities, constructs, and artifacts associated with human beings1, is another area full of experts opinions. bottom B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, known as psychologists claimed the fact that all airs are acquired through teach.2 sounding at their opinions, we assume that their opinions are based on sense perception. feel perception refers to the perceptions that are based on five senses sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Then what is the relation between sense perception and theory? Believing our senses is constitute to believing to assimilate the truth. We , as in TOK, doubt our senses by insist that we have different perceptions and experiences. We cannot trust entirely what we see, smell, hear, taste and touch. The behaviorism theory began by doubting our senses that come from experiences and conditioning. Distrusting one sense can clear about a completely different behavior. By stating that desk is a desk, I see it from different perceptions. When I see a desk itself, I see solo one edge of a desk. I mistrust my senses that are from my experience and conditioning. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner approach the theory and we develop our knowledge by asserting that we all have different perceptions from conditioning.Is the opinion of expert constantly important in any area of knowledge? We, students always stay closer to mathsematics not only at initiate but in addition in life. It is an essential subject we learn from the in truth early ages. Does mathematic await opinions of experts? Do we use them to explain and solve math problems? The mathematical knowledge is composed of certain rules. These rules require logic and fences to give-up the ghost the answers and the explanation. The mathematical knowledge is also complex and theoretical. The content and extent of math are unlimited and thus require logic thinking. Namely, opinion is not a necessary element for mathematics. An expert himself depends on logics and reasons and tries not to go about involved with emotions and opinions. This is because personal emotions and opinions often act upon the processes. I, as a Korean, am always surprised about the fact that Americans use various toys and methods to learn math. On television, I see cards, candies, milks, and toys etc used to raise the interest of children. In particular game is another method of math for the Americans. In Korea, not only high school students but even elementary students, do not use any toys when learning math. We believe that toys can relate childrens concentrations and slow down the speed of acquiring mathematical skills. Using toys is energy more than to make us curious what math is about when we are at age of 5 or 6.Ethics is a motive based on the ideas of right or wrong.3We often confuse the thought of ethics and morality. Then what is the definition of moral? Moral refers to the personal record while ethic is a social system in which those morals are applied.4In other words, ethics, different from moral, point to the standards or the codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs.5Do we use opinions of experts in ethics? Before asking this question, do we need them in this field? We assume that we do not. Ethics depend mostly on the temper of the problem. There are certain rules and patterns but these are not based on the opinions of experts. This is because the expert can express personal emotions and cultivations and thus influence opinions. Ethics should not rely on the belief of an individual or a particular grou p. Belief refers to the emotions, opinions and purifications. Culture of the expert has a extensive impact on ethics when applied. This is because every expert has different culture and thus creates different ethics. The most representative ethics in Korea is discretion towards older people. Dissimilar to any other countries, we bend our waists 90 horizontal surface to bow towards older people such as our parents, grandmothers, grandfathers, teachers and older neighbors. We pose our respect in this way. We value the respect more than anything. Then, do Koreans ring the opinions of experts in this issue? It is ethics that reflects cultures quite an than opinions of experts. Namely, we do not require individuals opinion and emotions to value ethics. To conclude, we see that some palm do not necessitate opinions of experts and rather consider them as obstacles that prevent us from searching for and improving the knowledge.Addressing the question, I have stated two areas of know ledge where I see the need of experts opinions natural science and human science. I also have stated two other areas of knowledge where I think that opinions of experts are not required but rather logic and reason math and arts. The reason why I have also notice areas where opinions are not necessary is that I believe some field require more logic and reason than personal opinions. I could have found areas easily when I thought of subjects I study at school. I realized that I am in touch with these fields every day. Reflecting my research, I conclude that elements in ways of knowing are essential at influencing the areas of knowledge. In addition, I consider that not only emotion and sense perception but also testimony and culture are important impacts associating with the opinions of experts.How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge? We cannot precisely answer this question because we cannot measure how important they are but rather can judge where they are important. Based on the learning carried on until now, we can approach to the conclusion that in fields care natural science, human science and history require opinions of experts. These fields are easily influenced by sense perception and testimony. When testimony is put on with these fields, it contributes advanced knowledge to us. On the other hand, when looking at the human science, we find that doubting our five senses bring us different conditioning which influences our perceptions and opinions. We see that this is one reason why everyone develops different viewpoints. We also discover that some fields like math and art do not endow knowledge to us using the opinions of experts but the logic and the reason. This is because we believe that not only the opinions but also the emotions can be factors enigmatic the experts in the process of searching for the knowledge. In addition, we realize that some experts rather refuse to be involved with opinions and emotions. We also linked culture as a part of impact like opinions and emotions. To conclude, experts opinions should be viewed as management but we should not forget that they are expert opinions, namely they have some influence carrying from culture and other sources.

Capital Asset Pricing Model importance in financial world

Capital Asset Pricing Model enormousness in pecuniary worldCapital asset charge standard popularly referred to as CAPM has been of great importance in the asset pricing world. There spend a penny been wide acceptances as well as toilsome arguments regarding the validity of the instance over the years, with regards to the fundamental assumptions of the illustration and the practicability of the lay (Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005).(Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005) The keen asset pricing bewilder provides a yardstick charge per unit of die for appraising possible enthr unityments. The standard crop of harvest-home is a fair return given the peril involved in the investing.The model also helps us make an educated guess as to the evaluate return on assets that has not yet been traded in the commercialize place. (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2005)The CAPM assumes that the warranter grocery is large and investors argon impairment takers, there are no taxes or transaction bel ls, all pretendy assets are publicly traded, investors freighter borrow and lend any amount at a obdurate luck free rate, all investors analyze securities in the same vogue and share the same economic view ab bulge out the world. (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2005)The organisation of this write-up is as fol upsets a detailed introduction of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), fol beginninged by a literate review of the model which goes into an in-depth analysis of the model as regards to its functions, compatibility and suitability as it relates to asset pricing. Finally, in conclusion a capsulation of the defects, modification and signifi faecesce of CAPM.J.Balvers, 2001 The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is the just about popular model of the determination of anticipate returns on securities and new(prenominal) fiscal assets. It is considered to be an asset pricing model since, for a given exogenous expected payoff, the asset price can be backed out once the expected re turn is determined. Additionally, the expected return derived within the CAPM or any other asset pricing model may be apply to discount future cash flows (J. Balvers, 2001.p.35).Furthermore according to Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005, set forth CAPM as a method suitable for determining required rate of return of an asset. The model is considered as an extension of Markowitzs portfolio opening. It is expressed in a linear blood between the return required on an investment and its self-opinionated risk. As described belowE Ra =RF + a E (Rm) RF),Where, E Ra is expressed as the required return on financial assets. Rf is the risk-free rate of return, E Rm is the expected grocery return and a is the measure of risk important.CAPM advocates investors need to be rewarded in devil ways firstly for the meter value of cash and secondly risk associated with the certification. The first half of the formula represents risk free return (Rf) that compensates the investors for placing mon ey in any investment over a period of eon. The other half of the formula represents E(Rm Rf) risk premium for bearing additional risk. (Hanif and Bhatti 2010)A more graphical and pictorial representation of CAPM is expressed in the gage Market Line (SML) the line shows the almost efficient risk and return to an investor. It shows the expected rate of return of an individual credential as a function of arrogant risk (genus Beta).FIGURE 1 THE SECURITY mart LINEYXSource Balvers,(200141)The Y-intercept (beta=0) of the SML is equal to the risk-free absorb rate. The slope of the SML is equal to the grocery store risk premium (m -rf) and reflects the risk return trade off at a given timeSML E(M) = Rf + i E(m)-RfThe risk expected return relationship is called the security market line (SML).The expected return on security equals the risk free rate plus the risk premium. In CAPM the risk is heedful as beta times the expected return on the market minus the risk free rate. The risk pr emium of a security is a function of the risk premium of the market and varies directly with the train of beta, no measure of non-systematic risk appears in the risk premium, as CAPM assumes that variegation has eliminated it. (Mullins 2000.)LITERATURE REVIEWBeta is the standard CAPM measure of systematic risk, one way to think of beta is that it gauges security volatility relative to the market volatility (Mullins, 2000,p.108). Stock whose beta are greater than 1 has a gamey train of systematic risk and are really polished to the market changes, stock with beta slight than 1 has a very low level of systematic risk and less sensitive to market changes, stock whose beta is equal to 1 as an average level of systematic risk, rise and falls at the same percentage as the broad market index. (Mullins, 2000)In a freely competitive financial market described by CAPM, no security can interchange for long at a price low enough to profess more than its withdraw return on the SML. The security will be very attractive compared with other securities of similar risk and investors would bid its price up until its expected return fell to the appropriate position on the SML. Conversely, investors would sell off any stock, selling at a price high enough to put its expected return below its appropriate position. The resulting reduction in price would continue until the stocks expected return rose to the level defensible by its systematic risk. (Mullins 2000).On the SML the stocks with low beta will lead to a low risk premium. Despite the stocks high level of total risk, the market would price it to yield a low expected return. In practice such counterintuitive examples are rare, most companies with high total risk also have high betas and misdeed versa. Though according to CAPM the financial market vexations only about systematic risk and price securities such that expected return lie along the SML. (Mullins 2000).One of the major purposes of the Capital asset pricing model is the determiner of the institutional demand for common stock. At the most basic level, institutional demand should be a function of the risk-return attributes of individual stocks. (Hanif and Bhatti 2010). It is mostly use by the finance managers and/or investors in bringing the risk of the investment and to predict the expected return of the stock (Jagannathan and Wang, 1993).It is also used to find out the cost of capital, Capital budgeting is used by a wholly to note profitable and unprofitable projects. A key variable in any capital budgeting procedure is the cost of capital, also referred to as the luck cost of the capital necessary to finance the project. The opportunity cost accounts for time preference as measured by the risk free sideline rate and risk.It assumes that relevant risk is systematic risk that can be measured based on the (estimated) beta of the project and the anticipated market excess return. A related application is in regulation. In a case, for instance, where the government fixes the price of a particular service provided by a utility, the administered price depends on providing the utility with a fair return on capital. This fair return is often calculated by applying the CAPM to determine the systematic risk of the utilitys activities and thus obtaining the required return (J. BALVERS, 2001).CAPM is also an effective instrument for portfolio return evaluation it is used to find out how a managed portfolio has performed. This is because higher(prenominal) levels of systematic risk in the portfolio imply higher average returns. In practice it is used to adjust for risk and also differentiate affected returns from simply excess returns. (J. BALVERS, 2001)Mullins, 2000 states that CAPM as an idealized theory of financial markets is environ by some controversies in that the models assumptions are viewed as clearly unrealistic. merely the true test of CAPM is naturally evident in how well it flora there have been numerous falsifiable test of CAPM. Most of these have been examined in the last(prenominal) to determine the extent to which stock returns and betas have corresponded in the manner predicted by the security market line. With few exceptions the major empirical bodies in this field have concluded that betas are not touch on through time. This fact creates difficulty when betas estimated from historical data are used to calculate costs of equity in evaluating future cash flows.Beta which is used as a measure of risk appears to be associated to with medieval returns, due to the close link between total and systematic risk, distinguishing their cause will be difficult. Under CAPM it is believed that Beta should change has both corporation fundamentals and capital structure changes in earthly concern. It is also argued that beta estimates from the past are subject to statistical estimation error. The estimate of the future risk free rate and the expected return on the market are also subje ct to error, although quite alot of research has concentrated on exploitation methods to reduce the possible error (Mullins, 2000).Reality matches what the CAPM foretell as the relationship between beta and past returns is linear. Also the relationship is positively aslope which implies that high returns are associated with high risk and low returns are associated with low risk (J. BALVERS, 2001)CONCLUSIONIn conclusion despite CAPM shortcomings in amount the cost of capital and due to its single period model united with its inability to reflect all market education (efficient market hypothesis) (Johnson, Spearin Groenewegen 2006). mouth of the inability of CAPM to fully capture and reflect a real manners situation this can be better explained in the role CAPM plays in efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Basically there are tierce forms of market the strong form of market efficiency (EMH) in which the market prices reflects all available information which includes both the in sider information and forecast information on a real time basis making instability information absent. Though this cannot be totally assured in the devil remaining forms of EMH the semi-weak and weak form of efficiency do no umpire when it comes reflecting all available information present in the market on a timely basis and a more informed investor can outperform both uninformed investor and the market as a whole (Z.A. Ozidemir 2008).In line with the above statement (Merton 1987) was of the notion that in reality some investors were better more informed than others to the extent that some less informed investors were not aware of the existence of some opportunities in the capital market. Despite this deficiency some investors still used CAPM to measure asymmetry information that was present in the market by modifying it to take care of the heterogeneous information. Which included the measurement of how asymmetry information influences stock prices and cost of capital (Easley a nd OHara 2004).An in-depth examination of the model proves that the use of CAPM both in theory and in practice cannot be totally discarded in that it has lots to say as regards to the way returns are determined in the financial market as compared to other models. Its key reward is that it quantifies risk and provides a widely applicable, relatively objective routine for translating risk measured into estimates of an expected return coupled with modification of the traditional CAPM contain the impact of changes in expected return distribution (Javed, 2000).Finally a major advantage of CAPM is the objective nature of the estimated cost of equity that the model can yield. CAPM cannot be used in isolation because it necessarily simplifies the world of financial markets. unless financial managers can use it to supplement other techniques and their own persuasion in their attempts to develop realistic and useful cost of equity calculations (Mullins, 2000).

Application of the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms

Application of the possible action of Unpleasant SymptomsThe Application of the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms In Pediatric nurse PracticeKrista KellyIntroductionEvery human be regardless(prenominal) of age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or visible ability leave alone have sex twinge or sulfurous presages at some point in their lives. hassle squeeze out be defined as an unpleasant, essential sensory and ruttish check associated with actual or potential tissue damage (International sleeper for the Study of painful sensation, Subcommittee on Taxonomy, 2008). This definition acknowledges not only the corporeal spirit of the annoying get word, but also recognizes the mental aspect. Pain is a highly subjective experience and endure only be accurately set forth by the person experiencing it. According to the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (2013), nurses have an ethical office for prizeing and in alleviating pain using appropriate, evidence informed pain management. It also states that nurses be also obligated to advocate for change in the conduct pattern when pain relief is inadequate.The possible action of unpleasant symptoms (TOUS) is a middle-range hypothesis that was create by nurses to enhance the registering of relationships among multiple symptoms and symptom experiences to manage unpleasant symptoms through effective interventions (Lee, Vincent Finnegan, 2017). The TOUS has tether major concepts that will be discussed in further detail throughout this paper. The purpose of this paper is to describe, analyze and treasure the TOUS and its relevance to pediatric treat practice. This paper will key a clinical situation on a pediatric unit and will indicate how the TOUS provides direction for guiding treat practices. Lastly, this paper will assess the receipts, strengths and weaknesses of the TOUS.Description of TheoryAccording to Smith Parker (2010), theories support guide our actions, attention us reach desi red results and give evidence to what has been previously achieved. Specifically, middle-range theories are abstract, yet are concrete enough that it provides a link in the midst of nurse research and practice. The middle-range theory of unpleasant symptoms was introduced in 1995 as a means for incorporating existing information about a variety of symptoms (Lenz, Pugh, Milligan, Gift, Suppe, 1997).The TOUS incorporates iii major components the symptoms that a patient is undergoing, the factors that work on symptoms and that give rise to the disposition of the symptoms, and the effects of the symptom experience. Each individual symptom is considered a flat experience that can be measured together with other symptoms or measured independently (Lopes- Junior, de Omena Bomfim, Nascimento, Pereira-da-Silva, Garcia de Lima, 2015). Although symptoms differ from one another, they share four common land domains including duration, intensity, quality and distress.The duration of a sy mptom refers to the time that the symptom occurs at, or the frequency of the symptom. Intensity indicates the severity, strength or amount of the symptom being experienced by the individual. Whereas, the quality of pain can be apply to describe what the symptom feels like to the individual. For instance, pain can be draw as sharp, dull, achy or throbbing. Lastly, the distress domain of the symptom experience refers to the degree to which the patient is bothered by it (Lee et al., 2017). The same symptom whitethorn be unbearable to some individuals but could be much less severe to others. Thus, it is important to ask patients how much they are bothered by the symptom to gain a better understanding of how they are version the experience and the meaning they associate with it (Lenz, et al.,1997). In the TOUS, there are three factors that influence each of the previously mentioned domains physiologic factors, psychologic factors and situational factors (Lenz, Suppe, Gift, Pugh, Mi lligan, 1995). Physiologic factors allow the figure functioning of the body systems, the presence of any pathology and the individuals energy levels. Psychologic factors incorporate the individuals psychic state and their reaction to their illness. Lastly, situational factors pertain to aspects of the individuals sensual and social environment that can discover their experience and reporting of symptoms. Examples of social environment include modus vivendi behaviours, social support, employment status, and access to health care services. On the contrary, physical environments can include but are not limited to variables such(prenominal)(prenominal) as noise, light, temperature and polluted air/water all of which can influence symptoms (Lenz Pugh, 2014).According to Lenz Pugh (2014), the outcome concept in the TOUS is performance. Performance refers to the outcome or effect of the symptom experience and how it impacts the individuals functional status, cognitive functioning an d physical performance. For example, certain symptoms may affect an individuals ability to perform the activities of daily sprightliness or may castrate their memory, concentration or problem puzzle out skills (Lee et al., 2017).Application to Clinical PracticeThe assessment and management of pain or unpleasant symptoms are essential skills while dealing with the pediatric population. With barbarianren, oddly infants and toddlers who are unable to communicate, it can be extremely challenging to identify the presence of pain, which in turn makes it difficult to treat. Therefore, it is important to assess pain by receiving input from the child and their parents or care givers. In the grammatical case when a child is unable to communicate, their family and caregivers should be able to advocate for competent interventions to manage pain based on what they know about their child and the current situation (RNAO, 2013).The TOUS exemplifies a perspective that not only includes the ph ysical domain of the human experience, but also recognizes the importance influence of mental and situational factors, as well as their interaction on the symptom experience (Lenz Pugh, 2014). The generator was able to apply this theory in the pediatric mise en scene while caring for an eight year-old female patient who was experiencing painful micturition and abdominal pain related to a urinary tract infection. flavour at the physiological factors, this patient had a history of a fever for the past month, lower abdominal pain and a decreased proclivity otherwise her diet was classified as tolerated. Regarding the psychological factors, the patient evince she was happy, as she was being discharged that afternoon. While the writer was taking critical signs, the patient was alert, oriented, compliant and aware of why she was in the hospital. As the writer was providing care for this patient, it was evident that there was support from her father, mother and little brother, a ll who provided positive words of encouragement to get well soon.The updated version of the TOUS states that symptoms can occur alone or simultaneously, thus this paper will localize on multiple symptoms experienced by the patient painful micturition and abdominal pain. The patient expressed that she experienced a burning and painful sensation while urinating and that it had been occurring for the previous four days. When asked to rate her pain on a severity scale from 0-10, she rated her pain as a 4. In regards to the distress of her symptom, she mentioned it really bothered her during the night, as she was frequently waking up with the urge to urinate. In regards to the patients performance, she was unable to fulfill her social role as a grade four scholar, piano student and dance student as she stayed in the hospital for five days. She was also unable to embolden her mother and father in playing/ taking care of her jr. brother as she was experiencing abdominal pain that restr icted her from doing so.The TOUS is valuable legal document for nurses as it helps collect the previously mentioned data, which in turn helps nurses individualize interventions that hold out the patients needs and unique pattern of symptoms (Lenz, et al.,1997). In order to manage symptoms effectively, these nursing interventions should include the evaluation of the symptoms individually and as a whole in order to comprehend their interactions (Lopes-Junior et al., 2015). Understanding symptoms of patients is important because experiencing multiple simultaneously occurring symptoms, as opposed to one symptom can have more than shun effects on patient outcomes. Ultimately, understanding these multiple symptoms can help improve clinical management of an illness or disease (Lee et al., 2017). estimation of Overall UtilityThere are both strengths and weaknesses in the utility of the TOUS. The TOUS can be used to improve the understanding of the symptom experience of individuals in va rious scenarios and provides information that is useful for nursing interventions that can decrease, hinder or manage negative symptoms and their unpleasant effects (Lenz Pugh, 2014). However, the TOUS lacks detail that may be useful in working with a specific symptom or illness in a given clinical population, such as pediatrics. Specifically, the TOUS has focused only on subjectively perceived symptoms kind of than objective observable data. Neonates, infants and toddlers or children who are cognitively impaired, are incapable(p) of verbalizing their pain. Therefore, pain or unpleasant symptom assessment should also be based on behavioural and physiological cues rather than just subjective information. For example, an infant may display pain by frowning or clenching their jaw and crying uncontrollably. They may moan, whimper or have a difficult time being consoled by a parent or caregiver. Being agitated, squirmy or rigid can also be asserting(a) of pain or unpleasant feelings in infants and should be noted (Merkel, Voepel-Lewis, Shayevitz Malviya, 1997).The TOUS does an beautiful job at looking at the individual in a holistic manner, such that it considers the interactions between individuals and their environment, the multidimensionality of symptom experiences of the individual and uses a biopsychosocial start (Lee et al., 2017). While constructing an individualistic health care plan for patients, the TOUS does not include an intervention component within the model. This may indicate that the theory is more useful for observing concepts, examining their relationships, and developing tools to measure the concepts/relationships than for developing specific interventions for bad-tempered symptoms (Lenz, et al.,1997). In the future, the theory should include suggestions for interventions on specific symptoms for health care providers to use in practice.ConclusionThe purpose of this paper was to describe, analyze and appraise the TOUS in a clinical ped iatric setting and its connection to nursing practice. The uses, strengths and weaknesses of the theory were also presented. The TOUS is a middle-range theory that emphasizes the importance for nurses to understand that physiological, psychological and situational factors can influence multiple symptoms, which in turn can affect the individuals performance. It is also critical to realize that the performance outcomes can loop back end to impact the symptom experience itself, as well as to alter the influencing factors (Lee et al., 2017). Overall, this theory can be applied in different settings to understand symptoms of individuals, however specific nursing interventions are currently lacking in this theory. With continued research and studies, this theory can only increase in its practicality to health care professionals and caregivers.ReferencesInternational Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Taxonomy. (2008). Pain terms A list of definitions and notes on usage. P ain, 6, 249.Lee, S.E., Vincent, C., Finnegan, L. (2017). An analysis and evaluation of the theory of unpleasant symptoms. Advances in nurse Science, 40 (1), E16-E39.Lenz, E.R., Suppe, F., Gift, A.G., Pugh, L.C., Milligan, R.A. (1995). Collaborative development of middle-range nursing theories Toward a theory of unpleasant symptoms. Advances in Nursing Science, 17 (3), 1-13.Lenz, E.R., Pugh, L.C., Milligan, R.A., Gift, A.G., Suppe, F. (1997). The middle-range theory of unpleasant symptoms An update. Advances in Nursing Science, 19 (3), 14-27.Lenz, E.R., Pugh, L.C. (2014). The theory of unpleasant symptoms. In M. J. Smith (Ed.), Middle range theory for nursing (3rd ed.), (165-195). New York custom Publishing Company.Lopes- Junior, L.C., de Omena Bomfim, E., Nascimento, L.C., Pereira-da-Silva, G., Garcia de Lima, R.A. (2015). Theory of unpleasant symptoms Support for the management of symptoms in children and adolescents with cancer. Revista gaucha Enfermagem, 36 (3), 109-112.Me rkel, S.I., Voepel-Lewis, T., Shayevitz, J.R., Malviya, S. (1997). The FLACC A behavioural scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatric Nursing, 23 (3), 293-297.Registered Nurses Association of Ontario RNAO. (2013). Assessment and management of pain, third edition. Retrieved from http//rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/AssessAndManagementOfPain2014.pdfSmith, M.C., Parker, M.E. (2010). Nursing theory and the discipline or nursing. In M.E. Parker M.C. Smith (Eds.), Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (3rd ed.), (pp.3-15). Philadelphia, PA Davies.

Killer Bees Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Africanized Honey Bee is actually a variety of honeybee derived by hybridization from African honeybees naturalized in the western hemisphere. Because they are highly defensive and will attack comprehend intruders more readily than the common European honeybee, they are also cognize by the popular name of killer bees.Brazilian scientists imported African honeybee queens in the 1950s in order to melodic phrase a honeybee for use in tropical climates. Some swarms take flight into the wild. Because they were highly adapted for tropical survival and had no natural competitors, they thrived and mobilize rapidly through South America, extending their melt down by as ofttimes as 500 km (300 mi) per year. By the 1980s, Africanized honeybees had reached Central America and shortly colonized Mexico. In 1990, the first swarm was found in the join States. The bees spread from Texas to New Mexico and Arizona and then into California by 1994.The bees reached an apparent(a) climatic limit to their southern range in the middle of Argentina, and their range is expected to be similarly limited to the southern and coastal states in the United States. They have hybridized to some extent with resident wild and stack away cosmoss of European honeybees. However, many of the basic African honeybee traits remain, including rapid population growth, frequent swarming, minimal hoarding of honey, the ability to survive on distributed supplies of pollen and nectar, and a ...

Rhinovirus - The Common Cold :: Essays Papers

Rhinovirus - The Common ColdIntroduction Rhinovirus, pictured above, is best known as the common cold. It is a member of the picornaviridae family along with more virulent viruses such as polio and hepatitis A. The viruses of this family be characterized as small (20-30nm genome) positive sign of the zodiac RNA viruses consisting of unmatchable genome segment and a nonenveloped capsid. Unlike the its more deadly relatives, Rhinovirus is designed to attack a host numerous times during their lifetime. It is the improve pathogen. It is estimated that adults suffer from 2 to 4 infections with the virus each year. The statistics below specify the toll that the virus has on the United States Population. in that respect ar nearly 62 cardinal cases of the common cold annually in the US . 52.2 million of these cases affect Americans under age 17 . There are nearly 22 million school-loss days annually delinquent to the common cold . There are approximately 45 million bed days ann ually associated with the common cold . Seventy-five percentage of common colds suffered by children under 5 years are medically attended Source Vital and Health Statistics Series 10, No. cc The economic impact of the cold is estimated at 5 billion dollars, exactly is far greater in indirect costs when considering loss of productiveness and school abscence. Encounter It is virtually impossible to avoid Rhinovirus encounter because it is one of the few pathogens that is present in the environment year round. There are over 100 serotypes making it unlikely to have antibodies to each strain. It practically enters the upper respitory tract via aerosolized droplets coming from an infectious individuals coughing or sneezing. It is also possible to spread the pathogen through saliva. However, studies have proven that soupcon transmission is the dominant mode of contraction. 9 This is possible because infected individuals can flip the virus 24 hours before symptoms and as long as 2 weeks after symptoms cease. Contrary to popular belief, there is no valid clinical evidence that exposure to cold or moisture will root in infection.Entry Primary infection occurs in the nasal mucous membrane and occasionally the conjunctiva. Once exposed to the epithelial cells, the virus attempts to dumbfound to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1). ICAM-1 is regularly used by the immune system to bind endothelial cells to leukocytes. However, as the picture above shows, Rhinovirus is able to take utility of this property and recognizes it with its own receptors.

Suffering and Salvation in Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov Essays

Suffering and Salvation in Dostoevskys The Brothers Karamazov Condemned to be shot by a firing squad for radical ideas, the author of The Brothers Karamazov once appoint himself seconds away from death, only to be granted a reprieve moments out front the firing. Although only a method intended to teach him a lesson, the contrivance had quite a harrowing effect on Dostoevsky. After his remainder encounter with death, Dostoevsky underwent a total change, and so all(a) of his new notions became a part of The Brothers Karamazov, which he wrote at the end of his life. For example, once he reexamined his set he began to reject the blindly accepted Russian beliefs. Spiritually, he modify so much that he emerged with the prophetic belief that the worlds salvation relied upon the people of Russia. He believed Russia would dominate the world and thus felt that her children needed to be harbored with this theory. Also, he began to develop theories about the role of suffering as mans to uch on means of salvation. All of these beliefs, through either characters or events, are reflected in this 19th century classic. Even before this firing squad incident, when his fuss was slaughtered by serfs, Dostoevsky was haunted by and obsessed with the idea of death, which became the subject of all his novels, including his masterpiece, The Brothers Karamazov. From the first page of the novel, Fyodor is presented as a vulgar beast, which dissolves any beneficence for him when he is murdered. Although the father of Dmitri, Ivan, and Alyosha, he is a true father to incomplete of them in fact, the only person to whom he is any sort of maternal(p) figure is his bastard son Smerdyakov. Dmitri, the fierce sensualist, is an impulsive man who quarrels with Fyodor reg... ...inty, and so the strength of his beliefs is doubled, perhaps even tripled. Like the personalities of The Brothers Karamazov, the characters of any well-written piece dumbfound extremely significant to the re ader. In that case, it blend ins vital for the reader to know the fates of these characters, who are known almost intimately, and their destinies1 are highly anticipated. In The Brothers Karamazov, the reader wants to know, for example, if Ivan pull up stakes forever answer his questions, how Alyosha will lead his life, and if Dmitri will be convicted for a crime he didnt commit. By having these fates determined through cognitive events, these occurrences become some of the most memorable of Dostoevskys novel, which itself becomes psychoanalogical. Thus, The Brothers Karamazov has become one of the greatest novels ever written and a true psychological masterpiece.

The Media :: essays research papers

The MediaThe media has been causing problems and clashes in opinions belikeever since the television was invented. The media probably started break through OK, furtherafter a while, they started twisting opinions and stories, and taking sides. Ithink that the media is going to twist a story to make it more than interesting oncetoo many times, and someone is going to challenge them badly for it. I would like toprove that the media sometimes messes up the truth.The media sometimes finds a certain person and makes his/her storysound worse and sadder so that they can get sympathy for that person and thenasks people to publicize money to help the person out. Not that that is a badintention, but it is none of our military control. I think that the media should justpublish pictures, and then allow you choose who you want to feed.There is also the possibility that the only curtilage that big newscompanies just need filler for their network, so they go to another country tofind som e story on sad people. If I was in some tribe in Africa orsomething I would not want anyone bothering me by putting a camera in my face.I would want the money to buy food, but if someone all over in America just neededmy story for filler, I wouldnt be too happy.It should be the tribes leader that should have to get the tribe out oftrouble in any way that he could. It is not our business to send them our moneyto get food for the people that got themselves into trouble, but I think itmakes people feel good to donate things to needy people. I just think that themedia isnt telling people the whole story. Maybe the sharp-set people spent alltheir money on drugs? I uncertainness that many people would send their hard earnedcash if they knew that the person was just going to buy more drugs with it.I think that the media has been messing up stories and opinions, butIm sure that they did some good work also. It would be reasonably hard to get

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk :: Biographies Bio Biography

FOUNDER AND THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE TURKISH REPUBLICAtatrk was born(p) in 1881 at the Kocakasm ward of Salonika, in a ternion story pink house located on Islahhane Street. His father is Ali Rza Efendi and his mother Zbeyde Hanm. His paternal grandfather, Hafz Ahmed Efendi belonged to the Kocack nomads who were settled in Macedonia during the XIV - XV th centuries. His mother Zbeyde Hanm was the fille of an Old Turkish family who had settled in the town of Langasa near Salonika. Ali Rza Efendi, who worked as militia officer, title deed clerk and lumber trader, married Zbeyde Hanm in 1871. Four of the 5 siblings of Atatrk died at earlyish ages and only one sister, Makbule (Atadan) survived, and lived until 1956.Upon reaching school age, little Mustafa started school at the neighborhood classes of Hafz Mehmet Efendi and later, with his fathers choice, was transferred to emsi Efendi School. He lost his father in 1888 where upon he stayed at the farm of his maternal uncle for a wh ile and returned to Salonika to complete his studies. He registered at the Salonika Mlkiye Rtiye (secondary school) and soon transferred to the military Rtiye. musical composition at this school, his math teacher, also named Mustafa, added Kemal to his name. He accompanied the Manastr armament School between 1896 - 1899 and later the Military School in stanbul from which he graduated in 1902 with the rank of lieutenant. He later entered the Military academy and graduated on January 11, 1905 with the rank of major. Between 1905 - 1907 he was stationed in capital of Syria with the 5th. Army. In 1907 he was promoted to the rank of Kolaas (senior major) and was posted with the triad rd Army , which was stationed in Manastr. He was the Staff stancer of the Special serviceman (Hareket Ordusu) which entered stanbul on April 19, 1909. He was sent to Paris in 1910 where he attended the Picardie manuevers. In 1911 he started to work at the General Staff Office in stanbul.Mustafa Kemal w as stationed at Tobruk and Derne regions with a group of his friends during the war which started with the Italian approaching on Tripoli. He won the Tobruk battle in 22 declination 1911 against the Italians. On March 6, 1912 he was made the Commander of Derne.When the Balkan War started in October 1912, Mustafa Kemal joined the battle with units from Gallipoli and Bolayr.

Masculinity and Evolutionary Psychology Essay -- Gender Roles

When attempting to explain something as intangible and complex as human appearance it is difficult to devise experiments that lead to conclusive results. Sometimes complex problems ar easier to solve when they atomic number 18 broken down into smaller pieces or into simpler problems that are more approachable. Using human evolution to explain human mien is such an example. Evolutionary psychology reaches for the roots of human development when they were in their most basic stages to explain why people behave the elbow room they do. Specifically, explaining human masculinity through science has been a major guidance of evolutionary psychology. This paper seeks to explain why masculinity cannot be explained by sociology alone and will present evidence that certain male carriage such as aggression can be explained through evolutionary psychology and sexual selection. When considering the source of human behavior people ofttimes argue about how some(preno minal) human behavior is encoded genetically and how much is learned through interaction with society and the environment. This nature versus nurture parameter arises frequently when discussing many aspects of human behavior. In an essay entitled The sexuality Blur Where Does biology End and Society Take Over, Pulitzer Prize-winning professor of news media Deborah Blum draws the conclusion that both nature and nurture must be taken into account to explain human behavior. Her conclusions are drawn principally from childhood behavior and her discussions with noted scientists. As a parent she observed that her boy love dinosaurs from the early age of two-and-a-half years old. However, she noticed that he loved dinosaurs, but only the blood-swilling carnivores. Plant-eaters were wimps and lose... ...odern male behavior.Works CitedBlum, Deborah. The Gender Blur Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over? Signs of Life In the regular army Readings on Popular Culture for Writers . Ed. Sonia Maasik. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. Crawford, Charles and Dennis L. Krebs. Handbook of Evolutionary psychological science Ideas, Issues, and Applications. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. Daly, Martin and Margo Wilson. Darwinism and the Roots of Machismo. Scientific American (2002). Kenyon, Paul. Overview of Evolutionary Psychology and conjugation Strategies. Human Behavior and Evolution Society. 2000. University of Plymouth. 4 Apr. 2000 . Peterson, Dale, and Richard Wrangham. Demonic Males Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. diddlyshit Books, 1997.

Chaucers the House Of Fame: The Cultural Nature Of Fame :: essays research papers

Chaucers "The House of Fame" The pagan Nature of FameQUESTION 7.DISCUSS THE CULTURAL NATURE OF FAME AND ITS TEXTUAL aspect WITH REFERENCE TOONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING ORAL large POETRY, CHAUCERS DEPICTION IN THEHOUSE OF FAME AND THE MODERN CONSTRUCTION OF THE CANON OF English LITERATURE.YOU SHOULD FOCUS YOUR ANALYSIS ON THE INTERPLAY OF ORAL AND LITERARY TRADITIONSIN THESE CONTEXTS. more critics have noted the complexities within Chaucers The House of Fame,in particular, the complexities between the un written and the literary. Thedifferences between these methods are constantly appearing Chaucer is wellaware of fast(a)ly changing communicative practises and contrasts the preservationof utterance with the longevity of literary texts. He achieves this bydiscussing the nature of "Fame" and the difficulties that arise from it. "Fame" gouge both destroy and create. It can result in the eternal preservation of greatworks and their creators. However, Chauc er is quick to note the precariousnature of "fame" noting the unreliable process of attaining it and itspotentially flitting existence. Every creator with their respective work/snaturally supplicate and desire "fame" they want their subjects to remain fresh inthe minds of their audience. Chaucer, while neither totally praising the writtennor the oral, reveals how essentially the written word is distant more likely tobecome eternal as opposed to the oral. The sexual relation "fame" of any work isdependent on many factors. Many handed-down and classical ideas result in theformation of the English canon, yet as Chaucer indicates, the "fame" of theseworks can easily become annihilated. The arrival of new readers with polarideals and thereby changing tradition, can reject classical or " basic" workand their "fame" will melt into nothingness.Most stories, histories and legends that emerge from oral heroic poetry areto herald the achieve ment of the powerful and wealthy so that their historieswill not fade from the memories of the population. The stories of Beowolf are aclear subject of this, as within these stories, (whether embellished or no),Beowolfs fame and legend reaches the modern reader hundreds of eld later.Clearly, Beowolf is still very much dependant on the conventions of oraltraditions and written to leave a permanent reminder of Beowolf, to enforceBeowolfs fame. The use of "Hwaet" to smiler the start of an oration, emphasisesthe continuation of oral tradition. Most oral cultures (usually illiterate),pass on stories and legends learnt from the previous generation, basically usingthe authority of recalled memory, not as an echt witness rather I have heardit said than I know this to be true.

Prayer in Public School Essay -- Religion Education

In the heart of every religion, there is a substance to expressage ones deepest thoughts and feelings-- petitioner. request is something that most people due naturally. Whether it is in the morning ahead you start your twenty-four hour period, before a meal, before you go to sleep, or when you average feel the need to express your feelings, ingathering is always there. Religious faiths remember that this is central to human life. Even those who atomic number 18 non religious pray. Prayer affects the material universe. Prayer can be defined as an ardent request a humble entreaty addressed to God, to a god, etc (Websters). We are allowed to pray macrocosmly anywhere, as long as we dont pray stunned loud. Yet we all live in a society that does not allow prayer inside state-supported schooldayss. Prayer is also not allowed in public institutions, but we can pray in personal institutions, such as church. There is so much emphasis impersonate on prayer in public school, de spite the fact that prayer is actually substantial.The First Amendment of the U.S Constitution states Congress shall make no constabulary respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the independence of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the presidential term for the redress of grievances (Greenberg). This first amendment protects both believers and nonbelievers from government interference in their decision to pray. Students have the right to pray and read the Bible in public schools. Yet the educators and administrators who facilitate our schools cannot lead children in prayer or lunge them to pray. The constitution also prohibits the following requiring students to recite prayers in class, enunciateing public prayer at high school games and teachers and co... ... taught, perceived and demonstrated. Religion is a touchy subject and you really have to know what exactly w hat you are talking about when trying to promote your religion. Prayer in school is also a touchy subject. One side of my family is pro prayer in school and the other is anti prayer in school. I believe that morally a prayer before you start you day is a healthy, productive and cleansing way to live life. Yet to say that praying in school is the way to go would be pushing it. I see prayer as a contagious thing. Not so much in a bad way though. As I stated earlier, when we as a class all gathered for the ending of a fellow classmate, one person started to pray and without realizing it, he a started a trend. Prayer is a very powerful and meaningful way to express your deepest thought and feelings and it should be done however, wherever, and whenever you please.

Silver’s Remaking Eden and the Silver Screen Essay -- Lee M. Silver

silverishs produce Eden and the eloquent ScreenIn Remaking Eden, Lee M. smooth asks three central questions Who controls behavior? Whatcounts as life? And what will humane life look like in the proximo? The question Silver does not ask iswhether or not human life as we now know and define it will change. Silver sees the advance ofgenetic engineering as inevitable, due to consumer demand for it as a technology and the unrelentingcuriosity of scientists. Power resides in science, concord to Silver, and that power is marvelous.In the closing chapter to Remaking Eden, entitled Tomorrows Children, he recounts how a singleeccentric scientist named Kary Mullis obliterated all conceptualize notions of scientificlimitations with his invention of the Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR (240). As Silver describesitMore than any other technique invented during the twentieth century, PCR has changedthe course of the biologic and medical sciences. In addition to the fantastic powerthat it added to gene breakthrough and analysis . . . PCR has made it possible to obtain rapidgenetic profiles not only on humans but other animals and plants as well, with anenormous impact on both agriculture and environmental science. PCR has also had anenormous impact on forensics with its power to provide genetic profiles on even singlehairs left behind at the scene of a crime. And PCR has provided us with the ability tolook back into the past, to demonstrate that skeletons found buried in an isolatedSiberian town really did belong to the last Russian Czar and his family, and much furtherback to derive genetic profiles on insects and plants that have been extinct for millionsof years emphases added. (241)For all his sc... ...st 2005.Kakmi, Dmetri. The Mystery of Being in Gattaca. Australian Screen Education 35 (2004) 88-90.Communications and Mass Media Complete. EBSCO Databases DuBois Library, UMassAmherst. 12 August 2005.Lemonick, Michael D. copy Classics. Time 8 Nov. 1993 70. Exp anded Academic ASAP. InfoTrac.DuBois Library, UMass Amherst. 12 August 2005 .Silver, Lee M. Remaking Eden How Genetic Engineering and Cloning Will Transform the AmericanFamily. 1997. New York Perennial-Harper, 2002.Vergano, Dan, and Susan Wloszczyna. Genetics Take have Role on Silver Screen. USA Today17 June 2002. 12 August 2005 genetics-movies.htm.

The Age of Computers :: Essays Papers

The grow of ComputersBelieve it or not, but the age of calculating machines is upon us. I believe Computers ar not only here to stay, but in my opinion computers atomic number 18 the wave of the future. Only a device like the computer send packing change the way we work, live, and think. I see computers taking us places where no man has gone before. Twenty years ago people were unless not up to date with computers back then. I mean if you make someone or so a computer, they probably would say something like, what in the area our you talking about, or what the hell is a computer. Today just about anybody you ask, can tell you something about a computer. Papia Bhattacharyya , says Technology has bounded onto the common snapping turtle stage in the last few years(59). The earliest public of the modern day computers ancestor is the abacus. The abacus dates back to almost 2000 years ago. It is apparently a wooden rack holding beads which are arrange on wires. The next step in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise pascal invented the first digital calculating tool, which was designed to help Pascals set out who was a tax collector. Now we look at Charles Babbage, who many say is the father of computers. Charles Babbage was a professor of mathematics. In the 1800s Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. This machine was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Charles Babbage was so up of his time, that the machines that were used back then were not even precise generous to make the parts for his computer. Gulliver, states The first major use for a computer in the US was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a spick-and-span punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without gracious intervention (Gulliver 82). In the 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well launch that Howard Hathaway Aiken, togeth er with engineers at IBM, came up with the automatic computer called take note I. The Mark I ran by using prepunched paper tape. The Mark I was slow, and require 3 to 5 seconds to perform multiplication.

The Power of Spoken Word Poetry Essay -- performing art

Each year, City High civilise holds a song caf. During this event, many young adults have the opportunity to ascertain up and perform for their peers. This past year, a plethora of young adults shoot to perform speak word poem. Some demonstrated issues that multiple community deal with and others expressing who they truly are within themselves. talk word poetry is a necessity to openly discuss the issues that affect todays youth. speak word poetry allows young adults to deal with issues of gang violence. two young custody by the names of Nate Marshall and Demetrius Amparan recite a utter word poem befogged Count A jazz story because of the death of children that occurred in their neighborhood in clams that year. The poets voice is valued because they experienced firsthand the danger of growing up in the ghetto Though Marshalls mother worried close his long transfigure to Whitney Young, it was the walk though his own neighborhood that frigh exed her the most. One day, d uring his lowly year, four thugs jumped him at 115th and Halsted Streets as he was cookting forth the bus on his way home from school(Turner Poets Tell apologue of clams schooltime Children Killed).With the streets being so dangerous, mothers worry about(predicate) their kids barely walking to school. The fear of a child being shot in the streets is very real. Statistics from the crime lab at University of Chicago demonstrate this In the year of 2008, 510 stack were killed and nearly early half were between the ages of ex to twenty-five and the majority of them being male (uchicago.edu). . Through the poem bewildered count A Love legend, the two young manpower are telling a story of each of their classmates while intercommunicate each name of a child that has died. Young adults in ... ... greater. Spoken word poetry shows great truths to the issues young adults experience today. The issues in our cosmea tend to be over whelming. We need a voice and because of spoken word poets, we our provided with a way to.Works citedTurner, Dawn. Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed. Chicago Tribune. N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 may 2014. CRIME LAB. typography Gun Violence Among School-Age Youth in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 whitethorn 2014.The right about Children and Divorce. Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. Jason Taylor Foundation. Jason Taylor Foundation. N.P., N.d. web 15 May 2014Stlieber, Dave. The power of spoken word poetry. The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.come, 12 Feb. 2014. Web.15 May 2014The trueness about Children and Divorce. Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. The Power of Spoken Word rime Essay -- performing artEach year, City High School holds a poetry caf. During this event, many young adults have the opportunity to get up and perform for their peers. This past year, a plethora of young adults engage to perform spoken word poetry. Some demonstrated issues that multiple peop le deal with and others expressing who they truly are within themselves. Spoken word poetry is a necessity to openly discuss the issues that affect todays youth.Spoken word poetry allows young adults to deal with issues of gang violence. dickens young men by the names of Nate Marshall and Demetrius Amparan recite a spoken word poem Lost Count A relish story because of the death of children that occurred in their neighborhood in Chicago that year. The poets voice is valued because they experienced firsthand the danger of growing up in the ghetto Though Marshalls mother worried about his long change to Whitney Young, it was the walk though his own neighborhood that frightened her the most. One day, during his lower-ranking year, four thugs jumped him at 115th and Halsted Streets as he was getting dark the bus on his way home from school(Turner Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed).With the streets being so dangerous, mothers worry about their kids plainly walking to school. The fear of a child being shot in the streets is very real. Statistics from the crime lab at University of Chicago demonstrate this In the year of 2008, 510 people were killed and nearly early half were between the ages of ten to twenty-five and the majority of them being male (uchicago.edu). . Through the poem Lost count A Love Story, the two young men are telling a story of each of their classmates while language each name of a child that has died. Young adults in ... ... greater. Spoken word poetry shows great truths to the issues young adults experience today. The issues in our demesne tend to be over whelming. We need a voice and because of spoken word poets, we our provided with a way to.Works citedTurner, Dawn. Poets Tell Story of Chicago School Children Killed. Chicago Tribune. N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 May 2014. CRIME LAB. name Gun Violence Among School-Age Youth in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014.The Truth about Children and Divorce. Emery on Divorce. N .p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. Jason Taylor Foundation. Jason Taylor Foundation. N.P., N.d. web 15 May 2014Stlieber, Dave. The power of spoken word poetry. The Huffington Post. The Huffington Post.come, 12 Feb. 2014. Web.15 May 2014The Truth about Children and Divorce. Emery on Divorce. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014.