How can the role of leadership be best understood in organizational cha

The role of leadership depose best be understood in organisational tilt as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Depending on the conceptualisation of organizational change you adopt, the leaders role could be perceived to be a vicissitude of things, from that of an initiator/visionary, the influencer of culture, a trigger for follower organizational identification, someone who redefines resistance, or a sense maker who introduces new discourses. The most useful approach can be to consider an issue from a number of different theoretical points of view before determining the most effective intervention.Leadership has been conceived of in a multitude of different ways varying from Great man theory (Borgatta, Bales and Couch, 1954 Cawthon, 1996), trait theories (), and style theories (). More recent conceptualisations of leadership include contingency theory (), and transformational leadership (). Each of these theoretical models has a contribution to make in forming a comprehensive under standing of the relationship between leadership and organizational change and we shall explore how adopting a definition for leadership or organizational change infers the role of the other. However we define leadership, the concepts of organizational change and leadership can be argued to be inextricably linked. If a leader was not able to effect any change within an organization accordingly it is hard to imagine a way in which such a leader could be effective in their role. Thus organizational change is at the very heart of a leaders role.This paper will argue that a pluralist approach to understanding leaderships role in organizational change possesses the greatest utility in informing practice. In doing so, it will present a number of different concepts ... ...ind of universal sense as in doing so, one mistakes the function for the terrain. The role of leadership in organizational change is a multi-dimensional phenomenon which, it has been argued in this paper, can be most use fully understood by employing a pluralist perspective. That is to say, a pluralist approach of comparing multiple plausible models of reality is essential for developing objective scientific knowledge (Campbell, 1988 389, in Van de Ven & Poole, 2005). While there be a plethora of lens through which to understand both leadership and change it is more useful to consider a range of perspectives and only then assess the utility of each perspective and its appropriateness for informing a real world intervention. In the words of Pettigrew (2001) In the absence of clear foundational truth the only sensible way forward can be conscious pluralism.

The Hot Zone by Richard Preston :: Book Report The Hot Zone

The Hot Zone by Richard PrestonIn October of l989, Macaque monkeys, housed at the Reston PrimateQuarantine Unit in Reston, Virginia, began dying(p) from a mysterious disease at analarming rate. The monkeys, imported from the Philippines, were to be sold aslaboratory animals. Twenty-nine of a shipment of one hundred died within a month.Dan Dalgard, the veterinarian who cared for the monkeys, feared they were dyingfrom Simian Hemorrhagic Fever, a disease lethal to monkeys but harmless tohumans. Dr. Dalgard decided to enlist the aid of the United States Army MedicalResearch bring of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) to help diagnose the case.On November 28th, Dr. Peter Jahlring of the Institute was in his lab testing a virus culture from the monkeys. Much to his horror, the blood tried positivefor the deadly Ebola Zaire virus. Ebola Zaire is the most lethal of all strainsof Ebola. It is so lethal that nine forbidden of ten of its victims die. Later, thegeniuses at USAMRIID found out th at it wasnt Zaire, but a new strain of Ebola,which they named Ebola Reston. This was added to the list of strains EbolaZaire, Ebola Sudan, and now, Reston. These are all level-four hot viruses. Thatmeans there are no vaccines and there are no cures for these killers.In 1976 Ebola climbed out of its primordial hiding place in the junglesof Africa, and in two outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan wiped out six hundred people.But the virus had never been seen outside of Africa and the consequences ofhaving the virus in a busy suburb of Washington DC is too terrifying tocontemplate. Theoretically, an airborne strain of Ebola could emerge and locomotethe world in about six weeks. Ebola virus victims usually crash and bleed, amilitary term which literally means the virus attacks every harmonium of the bodyand transforms every part of the body into a digested slime of virus particles.A big point that Preston wanted to get across was the fact that the customarythinks that the HIV virus is quite possibly the most horrible virus on Earth,when no one takes into mind the effects and death of the victims of Ebola.Preston shows how Ebola and Marburg (a close sex act of Ebola) is one hundredtimes more contagious, one hundred times as lethal, and one hundr ed times asfast as HIV. Ebola does in ten days what it takes HIV ten years to accomplish,wrote Richard Preston. The virus, though, has a hard time spreading, because the

Artificial Intelligence and Angelology :: Technology Science Computers Essays

Artificial Intelligence and AngelologyABSTRACT Recently, as I have become more computer-literate, I have noticed some interesting parallels in the midst of computer mechanisms and Aquinas metaphysics of angelic faculties. The present essay expands on some of the analogies which Aquinas himself, though no proponent of AI theory, might have be interesting.One of the philosophy newsgroups on the Internet is entitled comp.ai.philosophy. This group features constant variations on questions such as how close can artificial intelligence (particularly computers) guess to human consciousness? is free will reducible to neurological mechanisms? and so forth. From my unscientific sampling, I would estimate that the clientele of this newsgroup is about evenly split between those who tend towards a reductive materialism, and those who maintain that consciousness or some element in human consciousness is not reducible to neural structures or functions. So the classical Hobbes vs. Berkeley debate continues on into the twenty-first millennium.One of the problems facing those who theorize about the independence and irreducibility of consciousness is the fact that it is difficult to conceptualize the loading of consciousness, as distinct from the sensations, feelings, etc. that are often associated with consciousness. Here we are definitely getting into abstract metaphysics. Medieval philosophers such as Aquinas, Duns Scotus and Suarez faced up to this challenge with a little help from Christian revelation, by speculating about the characteristics and functions of angels or separate substances, who would presumably exemplify consciousness in its pure state, without both distracting admixtures. In this paper, I would like to take a look in particular at Aquinas theory of separate substances. With this theory, we bypass the old question of the reducibility or irreducibility of consciousness to its material conditions, and we also find, in my opinion, some interesting analogies to contemporary computer technology. It would be too much to hope that these analogies, even if substantial, would instigate a revival of interest in Angelology among technophiles. But those interested in the metaphysics of the mind-body problem may find them suggestiveMicroprocessors and Angelic Self-possession The microprocessors of todays computers are integrated circuits which control the CPU on a single chip. The latest developments, with variable clock speeds now often exceeding 200 MHz, include Intells Pentium chip, the IBM/Apple/Motorola PowerPC chip, as wellhead as chips from Cyrix and AMD. The CPU chip is the heart of the computer only memory and input-output devices have to be added. A small fan might be added on top of the fastest chips to cool them down, but in the chip itself there are no moving parts, no complex gaps between the movement organism imparted and that which imparts the movement.

Innovation :: essays research papers

ABSTRACTInnovation is not always successful everywhere unless it meets the requirements of the objectives of learning and teaching at a particular vex. Each surroundings is different from the other. It is not always successful to apply a good innovation from one place to another. In the requirements of all kinds of tests in Viet Nam nowadays which atomic number 18 so much focused on grammar, the needs and interests of learners in learning grammar are very high. Also, there are so many different kinds of learners overture to language centers in Viet Nam to development English for their own purposes. Many of them could take their time to study English intensely while many others take it extensively. They only if come to the English classes two or three evenings a week. However, their needs of learning grammar to pass the tests of National Certificates are great. Also, most of learners from high school and substitute schools need grammar background to do well their schoolwork. T herefore, the researcher would like to make an innovation of Grammar Textbooks to meet the requirements of learners needs and interests at the 4th Division of Nong break out University marrow squash for Foreign Studies in Bien Hoa city. The researcher applied the problem-solving model to do this action research.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this study was to see if the grammar innovation worked well with students at Nong Lam University Center for Foreign Studies, at the division 4, at Bien Hoa city, and to see if the traditional methods in teaching grammar were still effective in such a place with particular students in this area in Viet Nam.All the grammar courses were designed for the intensive students at Nong Lam University Center for Foreign Studies. Most students here are university students. They study English for their graduation and for their job interviews. These students take 20 periods each week for their English studies. They spend 12 weeks each course with 240 period s on learning intensive English. Most of the materials are designed for communicative approach. These students have to take 2 courses in array to complete their elementary level of English in order to have enough background to learn TOEFL. During each course, they have 36 periods to work with grammar. In other words, they have totally 72 periods to finish their underlying English Grammar (two courses). The Center has been using the grammar book Fundamentals of English Grammar of Betty Schrampfer Azar.

We All Have the Right To Life! :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

We All Have the Right To Life   Life is a full held by all creatures on the universe, everything has life however, everything also has its own character or individuality. Every person is his or her own self and does what he or she wishes to do to a certain extent. Many people are opposed to an individuals decision on life they should realize that in America people contrive the freedom to do what they want.   In Roman times, stillbirth ans the destruction of unwanted children was permissible, however civilizations aged and now there is a huge animosity about who chooses. In the 1970s the Roe v. Wade was tried in the U.S. Supreme Court. Jane Roe took the District Attorney of Dallas county to the Supreme Court because she wanted an abortion and was not de jure permitted to have one where she lived. She could not afford to travel elsewhere to have it preformed so she went to court.  On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court said that it was legal for any cleaning lady to have an abortion and terminate her pregnancy at any given time. The Roman Catholic Church has said that abortion is murder and violates all damage of human morality. My personal opinion lays between that of the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Court. I believe that a woman should have the right to an abortion only if she was raped and can not afford to have the child, or if she does not know who the father is.  If the woman just wants to have an abortion for no reason, believes that the baby will be born with a handicap, or will be born with a disease, life threatening  or not the abortion should not be permitted to take place. Within the past year President Clinton has vetoed a bill that will outlaw partial birth abortions, I strongly oppose his decision and believe that he should have outlawed them. In vernal Jersey, there is an assemblywoman writing a bill that would outlaw them in New Jersey and fine each party involved twenty-five thousand dol lars.   Assisted suicide has also been a controversial topic concerning the right to life. I believe that everyone should come to accept the fact that people have

We All Have the Right To Life! :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

We All Have the Right To Life   Life is a right held by all creatures on the universe, everything has life however, everything also has its own character or individuality. Every person is his or her own self and does what he or she wishes to do to a certain extent. Many muckle are opposed to an individuals decision on life they should realize that in America good deal arrive at the freedom to do what they want.   In romish times, abortion ans the destruction of unwanted children was permissible, however civilizations aged and now there is a huge controversy about who chooses. In the 1970s the Roe v. Wade was act in the U.S. Supreme Court. Jane Roe took the District Attorney of Dallas county to the Supreme Court because she wanted an abortion and was not legally permitted to have one where she lived. She could not chip in to locomotion elsewhere to have it preformed so she went to court.  On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court said that it was legal for a ny woman to have an abortion and terminate her pregnancy at any given time. The Roman Catholic Church has said that abortion is murder and violates all terms of human morality. My personal opinion lays between that of the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Court. I believe that a woman should have the right to an abortion only if she was raped and can not afford to have the child, or if she does not know who the father is.  If the woman just wants to have an abortion for no reason, believes that the baby will be born with a handicap, or will be born with a disease, life threatening  or not the abortion should not be permitted to take place. Within the ancient year President Clinton has vetoed a bill that will outlaw partial birth abortions, I strongly oppose his decision and believe that he should have outlawed them. In New Jersey, there is an assemblywoman writing a bill that would outlaw them in New Jersey and fine each party problematical twenty-five thous and dollars.   Assisted suicide has also been a controversial topic concerning the right to life. I believe that everyone should come to accept the fact that people have

Campus Security †Research paper Essay

Campus security is an ever-growing concern byout the United States. Pargonnts want their children to be safe while continuing their education away from home and students want to feel and be safe while living on campus. The University of Maryland at College Park has had a constant battle with campus security as incidences generate increased on and rough campus. The University of Maryland is located between Washington D.C. and Baltimore, a hotspot, concentrated with high levels of criminal activity.In 2002 thither were 17 sex offenses, 9 robberies, 12 aggravated assaults, 140 burglaries, 86 motor vehicle thefts, 136 drug related arrests, and 9 illegal weapons possession arrests on Marylands campus (UMD Crime Statistics). These statistics represent only on campus incidents and have varied staggeringly over the past three years. Statistics would be much higher if they included atomic number 18as slightly campus. Variations over the years arsehole be attributed to increase in legal philosophy presence, as thoroughly as many security precautions implemented over the past years.Universities have taken many precautions to battle nuisance on and around campus. One of the newest techno-trends on American college and university campuses is tipping campus police to illicit activity by filling out online forms posted on the departments World dewy-eyed Web page (Campus Crimes). Colleges such(prenominal) as Duke University, the University of Georgia, and MIT have already implemented such course of instructions and have been very successful (Campus Crimes). Narcotics activity and burglaries have seen significant reductions. Students and criminals act in illicit activities now have to be hero-worshipful of other peers who may rat on them. There are, however, downsides to such tactics. False accusations could become a problem. So far, of the 100 universities already using such technology 90 percent of the information received over the universitys campus police Web localise has been significant (Campus Crimes).In efforts to reduce students walking alone at night, many universities have implemented night ride programs (Safety and Security). These are curb-to-curb security services, where a campus shuttle busbar transports students from one location to a nonher. The University of Maryland offers such a service c everyed N.I.T.E. Ride. N.I.T.E. Ride runs from 530pm to 730am during fall and spring semesters (Safety and Security). This program combined with the universities preventative go through services abides students with opportunities to avoid harmful situations (Safety and Security).However, although many schools offer such programs, they do not allow enough funding to fully equip such safety programs. Many students are unable to get through to the operator, thus end up walking home alone. More shuttles and operators are needed during peek hours, such as weekends and Thursdays. The N.I.T.E. Ride program is an effective means to avoid har mful situations when the program is fully funded. Otherwise, students tend to walk home alone and put themselves in harms way.The University of Maryland too offers an excellent bus system. Students, instead of walking alone at night, can seek the safety of the bus (Policies, Programs, Services). The University of Marylands band and Courtyard Express provide safe and dependable rides to various key locations on campus. Not only are students protected from crime, but also are encouraged to ride the bus instead of driving home under the influence. The bus system has dramatically decreased rapes and robberies. Having an alternative ride home also lowers students fear of crime by lowering at risk situations.Maryland has also placed blue light emergency phones around campus (Safety and Security). Emergency phones provide a direct line to the police throughout the campus both inside and outside many academic buildings and residence halls. These phones are both yellow or encased within a blue cylindrical column and are marked Emergency. Frequently they have blue lights overhead devising their locations easier to find. Individuals may contact campus police directly and without charge by activating the phone. This notifies an emergency dispatcher, via a computer, of the callers exact location (Policies, Programs, Services). These phones are use to deter potential victimizations as well as provide a means for communication incase of an emergency (Safety and Security). The emergency phones may not lower crime rates, but they do lower students fear of crime.The installation of video surveillance is another means to combat crime on campus. Throughout the nation universities have been installing cameras to record and monitor specific areas. The University of Maryland initiated this effort in 1996 by installing dozens of cameras in parking lots, garages, high traffic pedestrian areas, isolated areas, and by ATM machines (Schultz). Although the effects of video surveillan ce to reduce crime have not been established, fear of crime by students has dropped. Cameras are very effective in aiding police dispatchers about crime scenes but rarely catch crimes in action (Schultz). slightly students feel that funds would be better spent on police surveillance (Schultz).These students believe criminals will just wear masks or commit crimes where there are no cameras (Schultz). Video surveillance can also be used to aid in criminal investigations. By placing cameras at the entrances and exits to campuses and buildings, police can record license plates as well as faces later used for identification. Although video surveillance may be a useful tool for uprightness enforcement, it is still extremely controversial. Many students feel that surveillance is an infringement on privacy. It can be scary that big brother knows when and where you are at all times.Universities around the globe have offered several programs to students in come in to educate and prevent st udents from placing themselves in at-risk situations. The University of Maryland offers many programs to prevent victimization. One huge program sweeping the nation is Rape Aggression Defense (RAD). RAD is the fastest growing and largest womens self-defense program in the country. This program has structured, consistent curriculum, of easy-to-teach, easy-to-learn techniques that have realistic and practical application (Policies, Programs, Services). The University also provides personal security presentations as well as intimate assault awareness programs.Services to victims are offered through campus as well as Prince Georges infirmary. The Victim Advocate is a service that provides support and referral to victims of sexual assault, sexual harassment, stalking, and partner violence (Policies, Programs, Services). Prince Georges Hospitalwill treat victims of sexual assault and rape as well as provide information, counseling, and companionship (Policies, Programs, Services). There i s always a trained confine on hand that is capable of collecting evidence for future prosecutions (Policies, Programs, Services). Students also should be aware of date rape drugs (Fitzgerald). Never leave glasses unheeded and always attend parties in groups (Fitzgerald).Policing is always a vital part to campus safety. The University police provide many services to students. Emergency responses to crimes are quickly answered and acted upon (Policies, Programs, Services). Officers provide foot patrol, as well as patrol with marked and unmarked police cars, motorcycles, and bicycles (Policies, Programs, Services). The campus police also relay crime data to the state, FBI, as well as other police agencies (Policies, Programs, Services). Relaying information is an important tool in compiling information to develop the UCR and other crime fighting statistics. The University also has a Crime Investigation Unit (CIU) that is responsible for criminal investigations, criminal intelligence , crime analysis, and victim/witness assistance coordination (Policies, Programs, Services).Over 100 student police aid help campus police in providing a safe environment (Policies, Programs, Services). Student Police Aids are non-sworn, unarmed student employees who work part-time for the department. They are provided training and equipment, and act as additional eyes and ears for campus police (Policies, Programs, Services). Student police Aids are responsible for special event security as well as security around campus (Policies, Programs, Services). These aids have designated foot and bicycle patrols in parking garages and various high-risk areas around campus (Policies, Programs, Services). Aids are also stationed at entrances and exits of campus during late hours. As cars drive onto campus, students record and question inc-coming visitors. These actions deter criminals as well as car thieves. Their license plate numbers game are written down and they must have a legitimate d estination or student identification in order to gain price of admission to the campus.Awareness is possibly the best solution to crime prevention. In 1990, Congress passed the Campus and Securities Act (Safety by the Numbers). This act requires that any university receiving federal funding to disclose campus crime statistics and provide students with information about the schools safety policies (Safety by the Numbers). By disclosing information, students and parents become aware of any possible crime problem. Students, consequently, can take preventive measures to match their safety. Potential students might also elect to go to schools with safer campuses. This places additional pressure on federally funded universities to tighten their campus security.Universities that acquire a reputation as being unsafe often lose student enrollment. The 1998 amendments to the Campus Security Act added more categories of crime statistics that schools must disclose. Arson and manslaughter hav e been added to the list of offenses, which already included murder, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and motor-vehicle theft (Safety by the Numbers). Schools, however, are not currently required to disclose crimes that occur near campus. Often, statistics are distorted and under-represent true crime (Safety by the Numbers).The key to protection in your dorm room and in an off-campus housing is vigilantism. Always be aware of your surroundings and lock your door at night. most campuses have installed swipe separate at all entrances, hallways, doorways, and elevators to prevent unauthorized users from gaining access to the building. These swipe cards provide much needed security. In order to gain access someone must let you into the building. Additionally, doors with card readers are also equipped with prop monitors that cause a horn to sound in the event a door is propped open or not securely closed and latched (Policies, Programs, Services). Having RAs on duty in lobbies of all buildings deters odd and unwanted visitors. These RAs can report any shady activity as well as provide emergency assistance.There are numerous ways universities and colleges can combat crime and upgrade campus security. Through online tipping, night ride programs, adequate bus systems, emergency phones, video surveillance, prevention, rape, and victimization programs, policing, awareness, and swipe cardsschools can provide increased campus security.

Cognitive Aging Reflection Paper

Patrick Byrnes Dev. Psych 10/18/2012 Reflection on using itor losing it In what and When of Cognitive Aging I immediately took end with the incident that Salthouse used participants recruited through newspaper advertisements, appeals to community groupsall with approximately 16 years of education. I feel that this sampling would inherently lay down a sampling error. I feel that schooler was right in addressing the sub-groups of different types of work force variable plus time in work force.The participants in Salthouses study were anything but random, and never took into consideration the type of work (cognitive challenging or not) and amount of time in the workforce or whether still in the workforce. A group of doctors and professors might who worked well past legal retirement age might produce a much more varied top then say a group of business people, or factory workers. Although it should be noted that Schooler noted this in her paper and said that her finding were invalidat ing for impact of intellectual flexibility.I also take some issue with the coding for the cig artte commercial question posed by Schooler. While points were awarded for the person who could catch up with both sides of an argument, and none for the person who could think of no reason, it does little to elaborate for the person who can only give one argument against the commercials eyesight that would fit into todays paradigm that cigarettes are a carcinogen and inherently bad for the user and nearby nonsmokers as well.Both papers it should be noted are based in cognitive psychology/ surmise. Relying heavily on scientific modeling and statistical evidence to use as evidence and draw conclusions from, in most all of the statistical models most of the data has been adjusted then sometime readjusted to accommodate multifactorial functions. Something one would not see with Freud, psychosocial studies, or virtuous conditioning, at least not to this degree and intricacy.Another idea that caught my attention was that the idea that some cognitive degradation will be camouflaged due to the fact that the aging adult modifies their behavior to overcome or avoid the growing deficiency. This would make it plausible for a type of micro black swan theory/event where surround family and friends did not see the ailing persons disability until some calamitous event, only afterwards were all the signs actually seeable.

A Look At Eliyahu Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints Essay

Abstract The theory of Constraints was devised by Eli Goldratt. It states that in every organization there is a constraint that slows down its performance. This paper pull up stakes delve on the possibility of Constraints of Eli Goldratt.A Look At Eliyahu Goldratts Theory of Constraints The Theory of Constraint is a oversight philosophy originally demonstrable by Eliyahu Goldratt and discussed in his book, The Goal. The basic concept behind the theory is that a chain go away always have its weakest connection. In any organization or any complicated constitution for that matter, there leave behind only be genius component of that system that will restrict its capacity to attain its neutrals. In cabaret for such system to have any significant progress, the constraint must be located and the completed system must be manipulated with it in conside balancen (Thomas Group, n.d).Application of the Theory of Constraint According to the Theory of Constraints, profit-oriented organi zations should have at least one constraint that hinders the system from achieving improved performance in connection with its goal. The Theory of Constraints is founded on the premise that the rate of income generation is restricted by at least a single constraining process. Only by enhancing the throughput during bottleneck will the overall process be improved (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006). In summary, the main components of the Theory of Constraints atomic number 18Complex systems should have at least one constraint otherwise it would be earning unlimited income. Constraint, therefore, is defined as anything that restricts the system from improving its performance compared to its goal (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006).Constraints provide systems with an opportunity to develop and improve (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006)Theory of Constraint versus Lean Manufacturing Lean manufacturing is a concept that is often compared with Goldratts Theory of Constraint. Lean manufacturing was derived from the succe ssful method being utilize by Japanese car maker Toyota. The method received international acclaim through the Womack & Jones book The Machine That Changed The World. Lean manufacturing is foc employ on elimination of waste (Moore, 1998). magic spell TOC and Lean have varying principles, there are certain areas wherein the two philosophies have a commonality (Moore, 1998).In two lean and TOC, the perception of the node as value is critical. In Lean manufacturing, it is the customer who determines value. In TOC, there is no throughput until the payment for a certain product has been cleared by the swear (Moore, 1998).Lean and TOC both acknowledge the fact that the ultimate goal of any organization is to convert lineage into throughput(Moore, 1998)TOC and lean underscores the importance of flow throughtaboo the system. both(prenominal) philosophies believes that the flow plays an important role in the system (Moore, 1998).For both TOC and lean manufacturing, the pull of the mar ket dictates the needs for manufacturing. In lean marketing, manufacturing of goods or gains will not take place unless there is a demand for it by the customer. In TOC, the pull is the driving force behind the Drum-Buffer-Rope method (Moore, 1998).Lean manufacturing and TOC drives the workers to purpose for perfection or improving their efforts. The role of the workers in the improvement of the system cannot be discounted (Moore, 1998).During the past 25 years, there were three TOC paradigms that were developed namely logistics, world(prenominal) performance measures, and thinking processes. Recently, Boyd and Gupta changed these paradigms into decision making, performance measurement, and organizational mindset (Moss, 2007).The Logistics effigy The logistics paradigm was derived from the scheduling program called Optimized Production Technology (OPT) which has nine rules (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006)Flow should be balanced rather than capacityThe physical exertion level of non-bot tleneck resources is not dependent on its potential but on other constraints within the system practice and activation of a resource are not synonymous to each otherOne hour lost during the bottleneck translates to an hour lost for the entire systemAn hour lost at a non-bottleneck is just minorBottlenecks determine throughput and inventoryThe transfer batch may not, and in most instances, should not be the same with the process batch.The process batch should vary, not constantSchedules should be determined without looking at all the constraints at the same time. chasten times are the outcomes of a schedule and cannot be determined in advanceThe Major Steps in the Logistics ParadigmIdentifying the constraint. These may involve material barriers such as physical or managerial (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006).Exploiting the constraint by increasing utilization and efficiency. For instance, physical constraint can be utilized by making it as effective as possible (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006).Subo rdinating all other processes to the constraint process. This implies that other aspects of the system must support the total lastingness of the constraint. If the resources that are not causing the constraint are utilized beyond their productivity level, they will not increase the throughput but increase unwanted inventory (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006)Elevating the constraint. If the present constraints are the most crucial elements of the system, implementing rigorous improvement measures will enhance its performance. Improved performance leads to better realization of the potentials of the nonconstraint resources which would lead to an improvement in the overall performance of the system (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006)Rinse and repeat (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006).The implementation of the logistical paradigm is best exemplified in the drum-buffer-rope methodology. There are three concepts worth explaining in this method. The drum refers to the pace at which the constraints operate. The rope est ablishes the communication between the critical control chains to ensure that they are synchronized. The buffer is the strategically positioned inventory to precaution the output of the system from that differences that may take place within the system (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006).The drum-buffer-rope technique is a simplified version of its predecessor the Optimized Production Technology (OPT) and the newer pass on Planning and computer programing Systems (APS), which are utilized in starchys engaged in manufacturing and production (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006). apply the Drum-Buffer-Rope method leads to the synchronization of resources as well as the utilization of materials in an organization. It is worth knowing that resources and materials are used only in a degree that would lead to the capacity of the organization to attain their throughput (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006). Since random dislocations are likely in any organization, the drum-buffer-rope method will provide a tool for secur ing total throughput by using Time Buffers, which contains inventories and safeguards constraint schedules from the impact of disruption at non-constraint resources (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006). The process of using time buffers as a mechanism for effective forethought and improvement of throughput is called buffer management. It provides details based on plotted and actual performance and is utilized for checking the inventory of a protected resource as a comparison for actual and planned performance (Mahapatra & Sahu, 2006).Application of the Logistics Paradigm in Service Firms The logistic paradigm or five step processes is applied to various processes and procedures of a service firm. The advantage of a service firm is that it is used to enhance service time, flow of information, as well as in re-engineering administrative functions (Moss, 2007). In the military as well as in the medical field, the logistics paradigm is being utilized to generate more(prenominal) sales (Moss, 2007 ).Drum-Buffer-Rope Method Applied to Manufacturing and Service Firms The drum-buffer-rope method of scheduling is applicable in both manufacturing and services sector. In the field of manufacturing, the drum-buffer-rope technique is useful in scheduling equipments. For the service sector, DBR is applicable in scheduling personnel within the organization, setting appointments with customers, and prognostic lead-times for customers (Moss, 2007). According to Schragenheim and Ronen, DBR should be used in determining problems and flaws that will disrupt the flow of the system. There are suggestions that the drum-buffer-rope method should be used in the management of supply chains (Moss, 2007).Global Performance Measures In the spherical performance measure of the Theory of Constraints, all company performance efforts are geared towards the physical object of earning specie now and in the future. In order to accomplish this, there are three things that should be done. First, increase the throughput. Second, reduce inventory. Third, minimize operation be (Moss, 2007). Throughput refers to the rate at which the system earns a profit through sales while inventory is the term used to denote the money which the system will invest in buying things which they plan to market and sell. Finally, operational expense which is the money spent by the system in converting inventory to throughput (Moss, 2007). From these concepts, three global measures have been derived namely net profit, return of investment, and cash flow. Net profit is determined by deducting the operating approach from the throughput. Return of investment or ROI is obtained from the ratio of net profit and inventory. Cash flow, on the other hand, is used as a survival tool. As long as the company has money, they will break down (Moss, 2007). Most companies prefer to have only a few operational measures since this will provide convenience to the company as far as the opinion of the effects of various de cisions (Moss, 2007).The Thinking Process When it comes to constraints existing in the company, Goldratt identified three important decisions What to change? What to change to? How to effect the change? In order to provide solutions to these problems, Goldratt devised the thinking process. During the last 10 to 15 years, managerial processes have been at the helm of corporate constraints. This is the purpose of the thinking process (Moss, 2007). One of the strengths of the Theory of Constraint is that it provides various tools and techniques to help companies solve a certain problem. Although each method can be used separately, they can likewise be structured in order to better answer problems concerning Consensus and Focus, Construction of a Complete Solution, and Communication and Collaboration. For each process, there are different tools that can be used (Focused Performance, n.d).Consensus and FocusThe Current Reality Tree (CRT) is a series of luculent steps that describes pre sent situations. The aim of CRT is to come up with a cause-effect kindred among unwanted symptoms as well as core bookings that the company would like to remove (Focused Performance, n.d).Construction of a Complete SolutionThe Evaporating Cloud.The evaporating cloud or conflict resolution diagram is a logical tool which aims to determine aspects of conflict that generates non-compromise win-win solutions. While its validity is acknowledged, the purpose of the evaporating cloud is to unearth underlying assumptions which turns out to be invalid (Focused Performance, n.d).While the evaporating cloud is already useful by itself, this tool can be integrated with a CRT since the seemingly difficult problems pointed out in the CRT are often the results of underlying conflict (Focused Performance, n.d).Future Reality Tree.The FRT is an effect-cause-effect logic structure which aims to show how recommended changes would have an impact on domain particularly how and why these proposals are expected to create a positive result. It is a paper-based simulator that assesses the ability of the proposed change to produce the desired outcome. Likewise, it is used to test the impulse of the proposed change to generate new and unwanted outcomes (Focused Performance, n.d).Communication and CollaborationNegative Branch Reservations. There are instances when undesirable effects are treated as potential results of a proposal and are often detected by another individual other than the originator of the proposal (Focused Performance, n.d). With Negative Branch Reservations (NBR), logical expressions are used to address certain reservations through additional actions that would complete the original proposal and cutting down the negative branches from the proposed FRT (Focused Performance, n.d).Prerequisite Tree. The prerequisite steer or PRT is a logical structure that describes all the barriers to accomplishing a goal as well as the alternative courses of action. The PRT likewis e depicts how certain actions when combined with online reality will achieve new and expected results and why these actions would achieve the required outcomes (Focused Performance, n.d). Categories of Legitimate Reservation The Categories of Legitimate Reservation is a group of tests used for verifying the cause-effect logic which is at the heart of the Thinking Process. CLRs serve the purpose of scrutinizing and modifying the logical trees (Focused Performance, n.d).The Thinking Process Applied to Manufacturing The thinking process can be effectively applied to the manufacturing and service sector. For the service sector, the guiding management philosophy should center on improving process. The problem-solving tools of the thinking process provide most of the benefits to the service sector (Moss, 2007).Throughput Accounting Throughput accounting, which is based on Eli Goldratts Theory of Constraints, plays a major role in management decision making. It changes an organizations e ntrance of income recognition as well as costs and profitability. Thus, throughput accounting is responsible for refining the figures used for making decisions which potentially modifies focus Accounting (Goldratt, n.d).Advantages of Throughput Accounting Using throughput accounting as a measurement and decision making tool, organizations can have the following advantages (Goldratt, n.d)Shift their sales efforts on products that will generate more incomeMake better decisions on which investment will generate more incomeCome up with decisions that are determined by real effects on the bottom lineDevelop a clear understanding of the role of sub-systems in the entire systemMake realistic efforts regarding the effectiveness of the entire system relative to the goal of the company which is to gain a profit.Most of the distortions that are present in traditional management accounting can be change by reversal with throughput accounting. Distortions arise as a result of traditional manag ement accounting using similar measures used in judging an entire system or organization as well as daily decisions by dividing the system into sub-systems and activities (Goldratt, n.d). Throughput accounting is a substitute to cost accounting. It is not derived from standard costing or Activity-Based Costing. It is not concerned with costing or allocation of costs to products and services but rather as a strategy for maximizing profits. The main objective of throughput accounting is to hasten the velocity at which products are moved in a company by removing bottlenecks (Puthran, 2006). Throughput accounting helps enhance a companys profit performance through improved management decisions (Puthran, 2006). Usually management decisions are based on assessing the impact of proposals on the throughput, investment, and operating expense. In a traditional management accounting, the cost of any proposal is commonly the initial and sometimes the only thing being considered, which results t o poor decisions on the part of the management (Puthran, 2006).The Basis of Throughput Accounting Throughput accounting is based on the fact that there are bottlenecks in organizations. Microsoft Encarta defines bottleneck a delay in progress collectible to one part of the process or system being slower than the others which results to the delay in the overall process. (Microsoft Encarta)What are the Factors used by throughput accounting in computing income and expenses?Throughput is the rate at which the process or system generate goal units. When the goal units involves money, the throughput is derived by deducting the price of raw materials with the income generated from the sale. However, throughput is only applicable to activities that involves exchange products or services. Warehouse manufacturing is not included in throughput accounting (Puthran, 2006).Investment is the money associated with the process or system. It includes inventories, equipments, infrastructure or facil ities, and other assets and liabilities (Puthran, 2006).Operating expenses refers to the money which the system uses in purchasing goal units. In the case of tangible products, the operating cost includes all the expenses with the exception of the price of raw materials. Operating expenses includes cost of maintenance, utilities, rental expenses, taxes, payroll, among others (Puthran, 2006).Conclusion Eli Goldratts Theory of Constraints states that in a complex organization, there will be instances when constraints will slow down the entire process. In order to for the system to achieve its overall performance, the constraint hindering the entire system should be removed from the equation.ReferencesMahapatra, S.S., & Sahu, A (2006 July 27). Application of Theory of Constraints on Scheduling of Drum-Buffer-Rope System. The Apache Jakarta Project. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//dspace.nitrkl.ac.in8080/Moore, R (1998). Theory of Constraints and Lean Manufacturing Friends or Foes? C honnam National University. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//pm.chonnam.ac.krMoss, H (2007 March 1). Improving Service lumber With The Theory of Constraints. All Business.com. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/operations-customer/5508402-1.htmlProblem Solving with the TOC Thinking Processes Consensus, Construction, Communication and Collaboration (n.d). Focused Performance. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//www.focusedperformance.com/toctp1.htmlPuthran, S (2006 December 17). Throughput Accounting. Management Accountant. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//managementaccountant.blogspot.com/2006/12/throughput-accounting.htmlTheory of Constraints (n.d). Thomas Group. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//www.thomasgroup.com/enterprise-solutions/tools/theory-of-constraints.aspxThroughput Accounting (n.d). Goldratt. Retrieved August 9 2008 from http//www.goldratt.co.uk/resources/throughput_accounting/index.html

British Government Essay

Evaluate different methods of estimating the current extinguishing rate. Do you think that humans will induce a mass extinguishing on the same scale as the Big Five? Introduction There is consensus in the scientific community that the current massive degradation of habitat and extinction of many of the Earths biota is unprecedented and is taking place on a catastrophically short generationcale.Based on extinction order estimated to be thousands of times the background rate, figures approaching 30% extermination of all species by the mid 21st century are not unrealistic, an event same to some of the catastrophic mass extinction events of the past. The current rate of rainforest destruction poses a profound threat to species diversity. Likewise, the degradation of the ocean ecosystems is directly unequivocal through the denudation of species that were once dominant and integral to such ecosystems.Indeed, this colloquium is framed by a view that if the current global extinction event is of the order of magnitude that seems to be well indicated by the data at hand, then its effects will fundamentally reset the future evolution of the planets biota. Robert Whittaker acknowledge an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the footing for fresher multi-kingdom systems.It is based mainly on differences in nutrition his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular, heterotrophs and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and M wholenessra, include unicellular and simple cellular colonies. liquidation rates in the fossil records The time at which an organism is classified as becoming extinct is when the youngest fossil of its form is found. It is likely that there would have been later examples of the organism present, which were simply not preserved.It is know n that some genera have existed for long periods around this time without leave any known fossil record by the phenomena of Lazarus taxa. It is believed that these organisms were simply not preserved during the time they are missing, or preserved in offshore sediments as yet undiscove rubor. This may also be the case with many other organisms creating the illusion they are becoming extinct before they are in reality. bionomic Evolutionary Factor affecting the past extinction Many claim that human activity caused a large scale of plants and animals extinction.The others claim that human caused extinctions are on a similar scale to those that occurred 65 million years ago at the bourne between the Cretaceous and Tertiary eras when most species perished including the dinosaurs. This causes two distinct worries (1) The loss of species will harm humans (2) Quite apart from any harm to humans there is a duty to prevent ecocide. accord to Peter Raven (National Academy of Science) We are lay outing an episode of species extinction greater than anything the world has experienced for the past 65 million years.Of all the global problems that confront us, this is the one that is moving the most rapidly and the one that will have the most serious consequences. And, unlike other global ecological problems, it is completely irreversible. incompatible people evaluate this duty differently. Since the purpose of these pages is establish the sustainability of material progress, Ill take the view that although biodiversity is an important amenity, we are mainly concerned with the extent to which losings of diversity are a threat to human progress.One interesting fact in the article concerns the effect of an increase in temperature on the north-south carry of a plant species, especially of trees. It turns out that the northern limit of a species is determined by temperature. As that limit is approached the rate of ingathering goes to zero. However, the rate of growth of a species does not decline as it approaches the southern limit of its wander but remains stable or even increases. What determines a species southern boundary is competition from other species that require high temperatures.For this reason the southern boundary of a species is likely to change slowly as its territory is gradually invaded by species liking warm temperature. The invasion is likely to begin in gaps caused by logging and various kinds of die-off. According to Lord Robert May (FRS)-Chief Scientific Adviser to the British Government. Hardly a day passes without one being told that tropical deforestation is extinguishing just about one species every hour, or maybe even one every minute.Such guesstimates are based on approximate species-area relations, along with assessments of current rates of deforestation and guesses at the global total number of species (which range from 5 to 80 million or more. ) While such figures arguably have a purpose in capturing public attention, there is a unaccented and increasing need for better estimates of impending rates of extinction, based on a keener understanding of extinction rates in the recent and far past, and on the underlying ecological and evolutionary causes. Scientists who worry about extinctions often agree that the world will reach a new equilibrium as temperature increases assume it does. However, they worry that the rate of increase of temperature is unprecedented and that species, especially of plants, will migrate northward too slowly and become extinct. Roughly 43 percent of the worldly concerns terrestrial vegetated surface has diminished capacity to supply benefit to humanity because of the recent, direct impacts of the land use.This represents 10 percent reduction in emf direct instrumental value (PDIV), defined as the potential to yield direct benefits such as agricultural, forestry, industrial and medical products. Capitalizing on the natural convalescence mechanisms is urgently needed t o prevent further irreversible degradation and to retain the multiple values of productive land. Differences in extinction rates among groups Estimated Future extinction rates from the species area relations A better way of studying rates of complete biota extinction levels has been developed with the analysis of isotopic ratios of Carbon.When sustenance is abundant there is almost completely carbon-12 within the geological record. Enzymes within organisms, passing into organic matter faster, more efficiently accept this isotope, which becomes lithified into rock. At times of lowered biotic activity, such as at an extinction event when a lot of life has been killed, the ratio of carbon-13 within the rocks will be high as a higher proportion of carbon will be being fixed as carbonates inorganically. Inorganic precipitation of carbon does not secern between the different isotopes of carbon as life does.By analyses of carbon isotope ratios it is then possible to see, by peaks in the carbon-13, at what times there has been a reduction of biotic activity. This is independent of whether organisms present are being preserved or not, and shows at what rates the extinction is occurring. Estimated future extinction rates from IUCN red Lists Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels well known, but taxonomically diverse groups from widely different environments. If all species currently deemed menace become extinct in the next century, then the future extinction rates will be 10 times recent rates.Although new technology provides details on habitat losses, estimates of future extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics. The 2004 IUCN Red List contains 15,589 species threatened with extinction. The assessment includes species from a broad range of taxonomic groups including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. However, this figure is an underestimate of the total number of threatened speci es as it is based on an assessment of little than 3% of the worlds 1. 9 million described species. Among major species groups, the percentage of threatened species ranges between 12% and 52%.The IUCN Red List identifies 12% of birds as threatened, 23% of mammals, and 32% of amphibians. Although reptiles have not been completely assessed, the turtles and tortoises are relatively well reviewed with 42% threatened. Fishes are also poorly represented, but roughly a third of sharks, rays and chimaeras have been assessed and 18% of this group is threatened. Regional case studies on freshwater fishes indicate that these species might be more threatened than marine species. For example, 27% of the freshwater species assessed in Eastern Africa were listed as threatened.Of plants, only conifers and cycads have been completely assessed with 25% and 52% threatened respectively. References Robert M. May, John H. Lawton and Nigel E. Stork. Assessing Extinction Rates Extinction Rate Analysis htt p//palaeo. gly. bris. ac. uk/Palaeofiles/Permian/rateanalysis. html Restoring the value to the worlds degraded Lands Gretchen C. Daily The future of biodiversity Stuart L. Pimm, Gareth j. Russell, John L. Gittleman ,Thomas M. Brook IUCN Red List of Threatened Specieshttp//www. iucn. org/themes/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN. htm References IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria rendition 3. 1.IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. ii+30. Parr C. S. and Cummings M. P. 2005. Data sharing in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 362363. Purvis A. and Rambaut A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC) an Apple Macintosh exercise for analysing comparative data. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11 247251. Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso (2003) The Specter of Species Extinction Will Global Warming Decimate Earths Biosphere? 2003 September John Lawton and Robert May BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION range 17-May-2004) www-f ormal. stanford. edu/jmc/progress/biodiversity. html

”Bon Voyage, Mr President” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay

Bon Voyage, Mr professorship is a short narrative pen by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. This is a tale of a South American chair in exile. Nearing the end of his eld, we are given an insight into the life of a man with injured pride, reminiscing the days that went by and so fast, where the President had lost e developedlything he had worked for and knew.QuotesBon Voyage, Mr. PresidentResting on the silver handle of his caneThis deferred payment emphasises the Presidents elegance and importance. His importance is enforced by the fact he carries a cane and not a common walking stick. A cane being the common tool of intimidation apply by the military and by those who feel they are superior to the average civilian. The silver handle on the cane illustrates his elegance. He had style, elegance and capital, as well(p) as authority, his overall effect being a man of status.He was one much incognito in the city of illustrious incognitosThis quotation is a contradiction. Incognito means in disguise, while illustrious means to stand out. This paradox sums up the President he wants to not be noticed, but free wants fame. So while wearing clothes everyone else was wearing, something would make him stand out. He wants fame and power, but not for being the President in exile.Only the weariness of his come up betrayed the state of his healthWhere the president dressed stylishly, with fine clothes, and his hair did not give away hints of age, with strands of grey hair, his skin was haggard and wrinkled that of an old man. The quotation shows that the president looked young and acted young, and if it were not for his skin he could hold up passed for a younger man.On his first visit to Geneva the lake had been calm and clear and there were tame gulls that would eat of ones handThis is a good example of Rhetoric. It uses sub textual language and Marquez uses persuasive writing. This statement implies that the president was very powerful and using the gulls as an analogy, c ompares them to civilians and how, once, they were at his beck and call. reconstructionWhen arriving in Trinidad he became one more poor man in a country fully of powerful poor menThis quotation is a contradiction the stereo-typical poor person would not be powerful. This paradox expresses how the President must have felt. opposed to his power and wealth from running a country, he was now somewhat inferior. In exile in a foreign country, he was surrounded by men that were raised in this milieu. Powerful, by the means, that they knew and almost dictated how everything worked.Only the slight problem of not being a legal citizen in Trinidad deceived the actual situation of his affairsThis quotation is a pejorative fact. The President might feel it a positive situation, as he could not be even emotionally to every one place, so he cannot be hurt if he is, once more, thrown out, as in the case of Columbia. However it could to a fault be a negative factor because things that will be a necessity for a comfortable life, e.g. a job, would be almost impossible to achieve. palliate Choice the Perplexing Simplicity of a escape of NothingOne never can see the thing in itself, because the mind does not evanesce phenomenaThis statement has sub textual meaning. On the surface it means, you cannot see something if the mind does not believe that it can out do the extra-ordinary. But underneath that, I feel that this quotation almost has a moralistic sub textual meaning, this being if you think that within yourself, you cant do something and you dont attempt to, you will never be able to. Once convinced it is impossible, it is.My vision began to diminish in both scope and clarity, and I prayed despondently for the inwardness that I had left to be procured by those to whom I had intended it, and not by those to whom the exorbitant value was exceeded only by their macabre predilectionsThis quotation is a fine example of the stereo-typical religious belief that praying in a d ifficult situation, you will be relieved of all problems. The character looks towards G-d to firstly protect him and secondly protect the information he has been entrusted with being recounted to the wrong people. The character believes that g-d will help him and this is a very good illustration of idolism.There are many another(prenominal) comparisons to make between the above eight quotes, as well as between the three extracts, all being entirely individual spots. Bon Voyage, Mr. President and the Reconstruction are both somewhat related in the means that they have the same story line and background, the similarities very evident. But, however, The Perplexing Simplicity of a Lack of Nothing is a very diverse piece of writing, expressing confusion, desperation and obscurity opposed to Bon Voyage, Mr. President and the Reconstruction, which was full of prosperity and understanding. All three of these extracts were well written and individual however there are criticisms to be mad e.The President, in Bon Voyage, Mr. President, is a stereo-typical, military based, authoritarian figure. Things like stiff hat of a retired magistrate. Or peremptory moustache of a musketeer. all present the image of man in control, who would not commit a crime. In this description, nothing gives away any judgement or a clue that would reflect the offence he committed to be exiled. Marquez keeps some key information that would allow the reader to be more gripped by the short story, secret, and that, I feel, almost ruins the whole tale. By using a more Rhetoric type of writing the reader would find Marquezs writing more intriguing.The Reconstruction is meant to be linked to Bon Voyage, Mr. President, however the author portrayed Mr. President as quite a different character. The author implied that the President was a laid back man, with much hope and little regret he was looking towards the future and not at the past by reflexion He now had a bounce in his step and he changed int o a silk shirt with cotton shorts. This Rhetoric gives the opposite impression to which Bon Voyage, Mr. President was trying to bestow. This is an easy mistake, but if read together would confuse the reader.The Perplexing Simplicity of a Lack of Nothing is a very difficult piece to understand, with maybe hidden meaning. There was hardly any significance that could be drawn from it. A huge failure, of the author, was that, there did not seem to be any constant story line, there was a base, but the majority jumped from idea to idea. Also, the words used were difficult to comprehend in a short story and too many used too close together. This material was more novel quality rather than an extract or short story, the author should have kept in mind what type of story they were asked to compose and not trail from it.

Achievement goal theory: ‘An athlete’s motivation should always be to aim to be the best’ Essay

Success and failure atomic number 18 non concrete events. They are psychological states consequent on the perception of reaching or not reaching goals (Maehr & Nicholls, 1980. p. 228). The quality of an supporters rollicking experience is shaped by the way in which success is defined, and by how capabilities are judged (Duda, 1993). Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) (Nicholls, 1984 1989) outlines that people are motivated by the desire to fell competent. mass enkindle define competency and success in different ways, the main ones macrocosmness egotism and trade union movement orientations.Research is consistent in showing the penuryal benefits of a confinement-orientation, either singly or in combination with an ego-orientation. In order to keep athletes involved in sport, success must mean being the stovepipe as well as task advantage and personal improvement (Duda, 1993).Drawing from past research, I lead construct an essay to livelihood the statement An athletes motivat ion should always be to aim to be the best. I give firstly outline main(prenominal) tenants of AGT, in particular ego and task orientations, go up and avoidance goals, motivational tempers, and TARGET guidelines. Secondly, I leave example this information to provide a brief abridgment of the motivational direction that a coach of the Varsity rugby league team brent, performs, and the effects this style has on a particular 18-year-old athlete Justin. Fin wholey, I will describe specific theoretically based strategies that can be used by brant, to adapt a more correct motivational air for Justin and his team. Coaches play an important role in determining the types of motivational orientations athletes perceive (Ames, 1992). section 1 Theoretical Understanding.According to AGT (Nicholls, 1984, 1989), in movement locations the goal of participants is to give competence or avoid demonstrating incompetence. AGT recognises at least two approaches athletes may adopt to judge their baron within a sporting context. A revolve around on comparing oneself to others (ego-orientated) or a focus on ones own effort and improvement (task-orientated) Athletes, who are ego-orientated, perceive ability as hold in the effects of effort on mathematical operation (Nicholls, 1989). Here athletes show their high capacity of ability often at the expense of effort.Nicholls (1989) states that ego-orientated individuals judge their abilityrelative to others, and try to demonstrate superior ability or outperform others to be satisfied. Those who are highly task-orientated use cues such as levels of effort and task effect to assess their competence, in a self-reflective manner. Here the athlete is satisfied if they perform to a level that reflects how they have mastered a task or made personal improvements (Ames, 1992).Much research points to the advantage of being task-involved when participating in sport and other achievement-related activities (Ames, 1992 Duda, 1993, 2 001). Positive outcomes include health, well-being, and social and performance-related factors. When athletes report being task-oriented, they persist longer at sporting tasks, they are more engaged with their reproductions, and they use more effective cognitive processing strategies (tennis). In comparison, ego-oriented goals may intimation to negative outcomes, such as the tendency to drop out of sport (Duda & Balaguer, 2007).Adaptive cognitive, affective, and behavioral patterns are characteristics of task-orientated athletes as well as for those who are ego-oriented scarcely who have high perceive competence or ability. Maladaptive patters are predicted for ego-oriented individuals who have low perceived ability (Nicholls, 1989). Athletes become predisposed to task and ego orientations because of social factors in their sport (i.e. the coach), and these orientations will subsequently bend what goal preference an athlete will adopt in a specific situation (Duda & Balaguer, 2 007).Elliot (1999) & Pintrich (2000) state that task and ego goals are each divided into approach and avoidance goals. In terms of task goals, task-approach oriented athletes are fire in achieving mastery of a task in contrast, task-avoidance oriented athletes are interested in avoiding misunderstanding the task. In terms of ego goals, ego-approach oriented athletes are interested in demonstrating that they are more competent than other athletes (i.e., have more ability than others) in contrast, performance-avoidance oriented students are interested in avoiding be ungainly or stupid.It is important to note that athletes can hold multiple goals simultaneously thus, it is possible for an athlete to be both task-approach oriented and ego-approach oriented here, this athlete very wants to learn and master the material but is also concerned with appearing more competent than others. The nature of the goal state (levels of task and ego-orientation) that is activated in a specific sport situation will be determined by individual preference (goal orientation) as well as situational cues (motivational climate).According to Roberts (2001) conceptions of competence are determined by both dispositional and situational factors. Research acknowledges that both students individual characteristics and contextual influences affect the types of goals that students adopt in various learning purlieus. Studies indicate that the environments in which athletes learn influence their goal orientations in important ways (Dweck, 1986 Cury, Biddle, Famose, Goudas, & Sarrazin, 1996 Spray, 2000). Whether an athlete is more task- or ego-orientated in sport depends partly on the motivational climate created by coaches.This can also be of two types a mastery or task-oriented motivational climate, and a competitive or ego-oriented motivational climate (Ames, 1992). In this regard, athletes who have stronger ego-goal orientations are more likely to perceive an ego-oriented sport climate, wh ereas those with a dominant task-orientation are more likely to perceive a task-oriented motivational climate.The instructional practices that are used in trainings have an impact on the types of goal orientations that athletes adopt (Ntoumanis & Biddle, 1999) In a task-oriented motivational climate, the coach emphasises cooperation, rewards players effort, and ensures that everyone feels that they have clear and important roles to play on the team. When mistakes are made, the coach responds with information on how to correct the error. Here, coaches are more likely to produce athletes who are confident, coachable, willing to work disfranchised for commonly agreed upon goals, and who enjoy their sport.In an Ego-orietated motivational climate, the coach emphasises rivalry between players, has a low tolerance for mistakes, and has favourites amongst the players. This environment has been related to athletes having greater performance anxiety and self-doubt and other behaviors which a re counterproductive (Duda, & Balaguer, 2007 Ntoumanis & Biddle, 1999).In a task-orientated climate athletes experience greater enjoyment andself-esteem, and reported less anxiety than in ego-involving climates. Athletes also report greater intrinsic motivation to play their sport when their coaches promote task involvement (Duda, & Balaguer, 2007 Ntoumanis & Biddle, 1999).Another critical area that defines the predominant motivational climate is the type of feedback given to athletes. The task-orientated climate will have responses that emphasize effort, improvement and skill mastery. The ego-involving climate will focus on the win-loss record and the athletes ability. In a given context, if a coach talks about and truly focuses on mastery, improvement, and self-comparisons, then athletes are likely to adopt mastery goals, and to perceive a task goal structure during training.In contrast, if a coach constantly talks about skill levels, game scores, and who is doing the best (or th e worst), then athletes are likely to adopt performance goals, and perceive a performance goal structure at training.An athletes motivation should be to puree to be the best, but it is the perception of what is meant by being the best that the athlete must be concerned with. Coaches can play an important role in determining what athletes perceive as being the best It is therefore important to provide the right types of goals, in the right type of motivation climate.Epstein (1989) identified that the task, authority, recognition, grouping, evaluation, and clip (TARGET) structures as influential factors that can determine the motivation climate. Epstein (1989) developed a taxonomy as a way of summarising and providing order to the various attributes. Later, Ames (1992) adopted the TARGET acronym to tally the structures that foster a mastery motivational climate in achievement situations, and consequently, display positive patterns of behaviours in athletes.The Task (T) proportiona lity outlines the design of the learning activities. The assurance (A) holding refers to the type and frequency of participation in the decision-making process. The dimension of Recognition (R) concerns the use of rewards to recognise progress and achievement. The Grouping (G) dimension regards the way in which athletes are divided into groups.TheEvaluation (E) dimension involves the methods, standards, and criteria used to assess learning. The cartridge clip (T) dimension concerns the appropriateness of the time demands, the pace of instruction, and the time designated to complete tasks. This model can be used to identify and design a learning environment to help develop athletes perceived competence, enjoyment and intentions to participate.Conversely, Ego-orientated climates are created when athletes are not given varied tasks, the coach maintains authority, athletes are recoginised for their ability relative to others, homogeneous ability groups are used, evaluation is based on normative practices, and time for tasks completion is inflexible (Duda & Balaguer, 2007).The mastery TARGET structures of task, grouping, and time have shown to have the greatest positive effect on peoples activity levels (Bowler, 2009). I will now use the discussed theoretical assumptions to provide a brief analysis of the motivational style that a coach Brent employs, and the effects this style has on an athlete Justin. originate 2 Case Study a Brief Analysis.Justin, an athlete in Brents team, is not enjoying league as much as he has in the past. Justin believes it is the coaching style and team environment, which has caused this change in motivation. Brent, a rookie coach, feels that his experience he has had as a player and from having been coached himself by a number of different coaches, will lead him to be a successful coach. It is evident from the case study and from the literature that Brents motivational style is negatively affecting Justins motivation, to the point t hat he seems certain to drop out of the sport completely.It would advantage Brent to be more task-orientated during his coaching he currently employs an ego-orientated motivational style. His ego-orientated motivational climate can be categorised into the six dimensions of the TARGET taxonomy (Epstein, 1989). As a dimension of (T) Task Brent does not emphasise individual challenge or active involvement during his fitness training and he dominates conversations by explaining what he thought went wrong.As a dimension of (A) Authority Brent does not ask for input from the team regarding training drills and he does not give the players much of a chance to give their opinions. As a dimension of (R) RecognitionAthletes are recognised for their ability relative to others during fitness sessions alternatively than on effort as a perceived index of achievement. As a dimension of Grouping (G) homogeneous groups are evident when comparing new and existing team members there is a sense of an us and them atmosphere.As a dimension of Evaluation (E) the coach bases evaluation on fitness levels rather than effort, with no tools to develop the progression towards individual goals. and finally as a dimension of Time (T) the time the team has for task completion is inflexible, he expects quick progression of skills and fitness, as well as this, his sessions are all planned out in advance not allowing appropriate time demands.These ego-orientated practices that Brent employs, has created a motivational climate that is of a highly ego-orientated nature. This will influence the types of goal orientations that Justin adopts. The nature of the goal state will be determined by individual preference as well as the motivational climate.Justins motivational preference seems also to be highly ego-orientated. There is a high chance that this is a function of Brents ego-orientated instructional practices (motivational climate). Justin believes that in order to be successful he has to focu s comparing himself with others either during fitness training or in higher recognition situations (i.e. aiming to make matter representative squads).Justin displays performance anxiety and self-doubt. He does not feel like he has been given the opportunity to improve his league skills, and is worried about losing his endow on the NZ rep team. Rather than striving for task-orientated goals, he is displaying an ego-goal orientation.Another effect of having an ego-goal orientation in sport is that Justin may perceive his ability by limiting the effects of effort during trainings. This lack of effort may be the reason for his lack of game time. Justin also displays an ego-avoidance orientation here Justin is interested in avoiding appearing incompetent. He feels the only reason he is yet playing is that he would feel guilty if he did not see the season through to the end.It is still early on in the season and although things do not seem to be going well for Justin, there is still ho pe yet. I will know describe specific strategies that i would encourage Brent to use to structure a moreadaptive motivational sport environment for Justin Part 2 Case Study Strategies for a more adaptive motivational sport environment.I believe Brent needs to reflect of the current coaching style and make changes to certain aspects, and if possible up-skill (i.e. a coaching course). In order to structure a more adaptive motivational sport environment for Justin and his team I would encourage Brent to design strategies to enhance task-involvement. Brent could employ the TARGET (Epstein, 1989) conceptualization, which represents the six structures of the achievement context to influence his athletes motivation.These situational structures are assumed to be interdependent one dimension can have direct implications on another dimension within the structure.I will now explain how Brent can structure a more adaptive motivational climate using the principals of the TARGET guidelines. As a dimension of task, Brent could provide the athletes with tools to help set self-referenced process and performance goals. For example, Brent may want to record the athletes initial and post fitness tests scores (i.e. Time it takes to run 3km) to provide athletes with individual times. Here the demand of the task is to emphasise individual challenge. This also recognises that individual ability can be a perceived indicator of achievement.As a dimension of authority, Brent could encourage input from his team by directing questions to athletes during review sessions (e.g. how do you think we could improve on our performance from Saturdays game) or getting individual athletes to call out the tackle count for a set of six tackles during defensive drills. This would be a great opportunity to nominate athletes like Justin, because it provides active involvement, while also building confidence and leadership skills.As a dimension of recognition, Brent could approach each player during the t raining session to talk through individual strategies, progress, and evaluation. This gives individual feedback that can advantage athletes like Justin. As a dimension of grouping, Brent could use differing grouping arrangements.For example arranging groups by which state of origin team they support, what province they are from, or which position they play (i.e. a forward). By sub-dividing groups under similar characteristics can support cooperative groupingarrangements. As a dimension of evaluation, Brent could encourage athletes to bring a notebook to training as a way of recording their own personal improvements. Brent should also acknowledge mastery of tasks and congratulate good effort rather than comparing athletes skill levels against each other.As a dimension of timing, Brent needs to recognise that athletes progress through skills and fitness at different levels, a good coach must cater for all athletes by providing optimal timing constraints. This may involve being open t o training drills progressing longer or shorter than what he had planned for.By employing Epstein (1989) conceptualization of the TARGET guidelines to foster a task-involving motivational climate, athletes will experience greater confidence, enjoyment and self-esteem. Athletes will also be more intrinsically motivation to play league. An athletes motivation should always be to aim to be the best. It important that Brent can change his own perception of what he defines as the best from his current ego-involved definition to a more task-orientated definition. Creating this type of climate will hopefully help develop his own athletes perceptions of competence and enhance their sporting experience.In conclusion, this essay has outlined some specific theoretical assumptions of the achievement goal theory, and how these can be used to understand athletes behavioral patterns in sport. The coach-created motivational climate can play an important role in influencing athletes interpretation o f their involvement in sport. Whether this influence is more positive or negative appears to depend on the degree to which the motivational atmosphere the coach establishes is more or less task-involving and ego-involving. I was able to assess Brents current motivational style using the TARGET taxonomy and its effects this style has on a athlete Justin.Finally, I was also able to point out specific strategies of the TARGET taxonomy to help Brent create a more task-orientated motivational coaching climate. In doing so I have been able to support the statement that an athletes motivation should always be to aim to be the best, by acknowledging that best can be defined from task-orientated goals.ReferencesAmes, C. (1992). Achievement goals and the classroom motivational climate. In J. L. Meece & D. H. Schunck (Eds.). Student perceptions in the classroom (pp. 327-348). Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum. Bowler, M. 2009. The influence of the TARGET motivational climate structures on pupil physical a ctivity levels during year 9 athletics lessons. Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester, 2-5 September, 2009. Cury, F., Biddle, S., Famose, J., Goudas, M., Sarrazin, P. & Durand, M. (1996). individual(prenominal) and situational factors influencing intrinsic motivatiuon of adolescent girls in school physical education A structural modeling analysis, Educational Psychology, 16 305-315. Duda, J. L. (1993) Goals A social cognitive approach to the study of achievement motivation in sport. In R. N. Singer,M.Murphey and L. K. Tennant (eds.), Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, pp. 421436, New York Macmillan. Duda, J. L. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 129-182). Leeds Human Kinetics. Duda, J. L., & Balaguer, I. (2007).The coach-created motivational climate. In S. Jowett & D. Lavalee (Eds.), Social psychology of sport. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Dweck, C.M. (2000). Predicting participation in non-compulsory physical education Do goal perspectives matter?. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90 1201-1215. Elliot, A. J. (1999). Approach and avoidance motivation and achievement goals. Educational Psychologist, 34, 169-189. Epstein, J. (1989). Family structures and student motivation A developmental perspective. In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.). Research on motivation in Education, Vol. 3. New York, Academic Press. Maehr, M. L. and Nicholls, J. G. (1980) Culture and achievement motivation A second look.In N.Warren (ed.), Studies in Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. II, pp. 221267, New York Academic Press. Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. London Harvard University Press. Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 97, 328-346. N toumanis, N., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1999). A review of motivational climate in physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(8), 643-665. Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning.In M.Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, and Zeidner, M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451502). San Diego, CA Academic Press. Roberts, G. C. (2001). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in physical activity the influence of achievement goals on motivational process. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 1-50). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Spray, C.M. (2000). Predicting participation in non-compulsory physical education Do goal perspectives matter? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90 1207-1215.

Gun Control Argument

Gun Control The gun check over debate in the US is often contentious and politically divisive. And with upcoming elections always looming in the near future, we will continue hearing a great deal from the media as well as politicians about what should or should not be done about too many guns in our society. Unfortunately, too many Americans do not take time to truly control the issues and the reasoning behind both sides of the controversy. To help get a cle ber perspective of the professionalblem, there are two real short, but well written pro/con pieces, regarding the debate, by Mitch Albom and Thomas Sowell.Each presents his own rationale for what should be done about gun control. According to Alboms Dont Shoot Holes in Gun Control Bills, gun control is something that is needed. He cites several episodes between Los Angeles and Detroit where the availability of obtaining a gun is so easy, that people enumeration up to someone, roll down a window and start spraying bullets. Th e argument being made here is that with guns being so easy to obtain, anyone is capable of carrying one. In a lot of cases, self defense is not the issue with them.A lot of gun crimes are out of hair trigger tempers with a hair trigger weapon. The full-grown battery-acid being made is that most of these violent crimes with guns are a result of someone blowing off steam. It is not only gang members doing the shooting either. whizz man was cited as not liking a hamburger he received so he threw it at the clerk at the drive finished window. She in turn threw a soda at him so he returned moments later and shot her. He states that contrary to the belief that guns dont obliterate people, people kill people, that the weapon that kills is the gun being used.It is the weapon that does the killing. There are some very valid points as to how lack of gun control can allow crime to run rampant, but not everyone sees it that way. On the other side of the argument is Thomas Sowell. His essay Mass Shootings and Mass violence claims that gun control is not the cause of violence. He claims when we are allowed to carry guns for self defense, a epic money shooting is less apparent to happen as it will be thwarted a lot sooner by bystanders as they will take action upon themselves to thwart the attacker.He states people committing these illegal acts are not going to stop just because guns are illegal. When looking into who would stop these people, another person with a gun is the answer. Sowell also cites the flaw of the waiting period, stating the aquilege incident, involved a couple of kids who waited a long time to plan out their attack, nor would the tragedy have been prevented by a program for troubled youth. The kids committing this mass murder passed their psych evaluations. Some people support gun control just because they dont like guns.He concludes by saying criminals are less likely to commit a crime when they know the person they are going after may very wel l have a gun of their own. He wants to compare the statistics to unintended gun deaths and statistics on gun murders being much less where gun ownership is widespread. On a lighter note, to demonstrate the concrete irony of the issue, a spring 2006 segment of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, entitled Bye, Bye, Birdie, tackled the gun controversy by satirizing former Vice President Cheneys accidental shooting of his friend during a sporting event.This makes light of a serious issue but the underlying theme is of a serious nature. They bring to the point how this hunting club allows you to shoot animals that truly cannot escape. It is depicting the event with Vice President Cheney as this is where he was with his friend when he accidentally shot him. piece of music it is humorous, when you look at the real issue it does lay out a serious angle. To the intelligent viewer, this can be very effective. They can become intermeshed in an entertaining fashion but take the serious message from the satire.To the not so intelligent viewer, this may look like a big joke, which can take away from the effectiveness of the message, even if it brings ratings due to the entertainment value. In the end these sources make valid points from their points of view. There are two very different schools of thought and even when satire is involved, it is a very controversial topic. The perspectives are out there. Now it is time for the viewer and reader to take what they lack from it all.

Legal Aspects of a Business Essay

IntroductionWhen startle up a new telephone line line it is very important to look at the legal aspects which provide influence the partnership in the future. In this part of the information file there ordain be the most important legal aspects for running a learner beau monde. First there is the selection of melodic line form, in which there exit be a compairison between the different possible forms. Afterwards a description of how the student company will work with contracts and partners. And finally there is an explanation of the typical Dutch legal aspects such as profit task and dividend.Business formMost important forwards starting the actual caper is to compare the different possible legal business forms to make positive(predicate) that it suits the intentions of the entrepreneurs. First the expanation per legal form will be given and afterwards a choice will be make for the student company itself. There are three basic legal business forms which can be chosen when starting up a new company fix proprietorship, confederacy and corporation. Each will be described shortly and afterwards the form of the student company will be given.Sole proprietorshipThe furbish up proprietorship is the oldest, most common, and simplest form of business organization. A sole proprietorship is a business owned and palmd by one person. The prevalent characteristic of a sole proprietorship is that the owner is inseparable from the business. Because they are the same entity, the owner of a sole proprietorship has assoil control over the business, its operations, and is financially and legally responsible for all debts and legal actions against the business. Another aspect of the sameentity aspect is that tax incomees on a sole proprietorship are determined at the personalized income tax judge of the owner. In other words, a sole proprietorship does not pay taxes separately from the owner. A sole proprietorship is a good business organization for an indiv idual starting a business that will remain small, does not have great exposure to liability, and does not justify the expenses of incorporating and ongoing incorporate formalitie.CorporationA corporation is a business entity which is owned by an individual or classify of individuals and they run a business that legally exists. A corporate body is formed to regulate and manage business. People work as a unit in a corporation and produce the set that will generate income. A lot of employment is generated by corporations and they have now a great impact on economic growth and the social development of any country that operates in the justify market system. A corporation has rights and responsibilities just like people have, and can also be nonresistant to the processes of law just as an individual can. The characteristics of a corporation are the limited liability of shareholders, circumspection being delegated to a board of directors, ownership by shareholders, transferable shar es and that it has a separate legal personality.relevancy to Student companyThe fact that the student company will sell shares and therefore will be owned by the shareholders, the student company will be a corporation. Big advantage of this legal form is the spreading of the potential business risks because of the large amounts of shareholders. Disadvantages for the entrepreneurs is the limited power within the company because of the vox of the shareholders and sharing the possible profit with the shareholders. Within shareholder meetings important decisions or problems will subject and together with the entrepreneurs the business strategies are set.Contracts with other partiesBecause the student company will be a trading company it is very important to make clear arrangements with the suppliers, customers and the entrepreneursitself. This will split the the risks of the entrepreneurs as well as the business partners in the buying cyclus. Because it is still not clear what kind of product or service the student company wil sell, this will be researched later on in the market research.Laws and taxesWhen somebody wants to start up a company within the netherlands this person should notify the Inland Revenue as soon as they know when their company plans to start business. If this person starts as sole trader, a partnership, a limited partnership or a partnership under common firm, he or she can register the company for the Inland Revenue and the trade register at the same time. This can be done at the Chamber of Commerce. It is to your advantage to provide this information at an early stage new companies which have made investments in their business often receive money back following their first value added tax return .This is because a new business often pays more value added tax in the scratch line than it has actually charged.Value added taxIt is almost always compulsory for businesses to charge clients value added tax. Businesses are well-nigh always liabl e to charge value added tax to their clients. The rate is 6% or 19% depending on the type of product or service. The value added tax which a company receive from the client must be paid to the Inland Revenue. The value added tax which the company has paid out itself to the suppliers can be offset against this. Value added tax is paid either monthly or quarterly, depending on the type of business and the level of turnover.Corporation taxIf the company is a private company with limited liability, the owners will be liable to pay corporation tax. Corporation or corporate income tax is levied on companies established in the Netherlands and on definite companies not established in the Netherlands, which receive income from the Netherlands .In this context, the term company includes companies with a cracking consisting of share, co-operatives, mutual insurance and credit companies, foundations and other legal persons incorporated under civil law, when they administer an enterprise, co in for common account, and mostpublicly-controlled industrial and commercial undertakings.Basis of assessmentProfits in the widest sense, with a add up of additions or deductions. The determination of the taxable profits corresponds largely with the determination of profits taxable under personal income tax, including the deductibility of losses from other historic period.ExemptionsLegal persons whose activities are of a social or charitable nature or otherwise in the public interest are exempted from corporation tax. Exempted categories of profit are those corresponding to the applicable exemptions under personal income tax. Furthermore the participation exemption applies to all dividends, gains and losses related to the holding of at least 5% of the shares in a subsidiary. This rule, preventing economic double taxation, is in general equally applicable to dividend deriving from domestic and foreign subsidiaries.The loss related to the winding-up of a subsidiary is, under certai n conditions, allowable by the parent company. The deductibility of interest paid on non-functional loans and loans related to a reshuffle of participations within the sort is restricted to certain circumstances. Another amendment permits companies to depreciate loss-making participations of 25% or more during the first five years after acquisition.Special featuresFiscal unity a company which holds 100% of the shares in a Dutch subsidiary may request to be qualified as a fiscal unity. However, certain conditions apply. It is possible for a fiscal unity to be consisted of more than two companies. The subsidiaries are considered to be intent by the parent. As a result, negative results of companies belonging to the unity can be compensated horizontally with positive results of the others. Interest paid to a group company in respect of the acquisition of shares in Dutch operating companies cannot be set off against the profit of these operating companies. Regime for investment mone tary resource provided that all current income is distributed to shareholders and a number of other conditions are met, aninvestment company or depot is entitled to add capital gains on securities and real property to a reinvestment reserve and to a rate of nil per cent on the remaining profit.

Problems facing Costa Rica Essay

Is rib Rica genuinely the best nation on earth? This paper through qualitative analysis of legitimate website sources, print influence and peer reviewed articles aims at determining whether the level of satisfaction of rib Ri privys with their nation exceeds that of otherwise countries. This paper, at any rate giving a brief account of rib Rica, will explore the structure of the government of costa Rica, the current problems facing the nation, in addition to a short bibliography of its current leader so as to determine the reasons as to why the earth is important. Introductionrib Rica is a middle-income developing nation which has a strong take tradition (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). The kingdom possesses legion(predicate) and extensive holidaymaker facilities. The country has come a long way, characterized by periods of peace and political turmoil, to its current status. Christopher Columbus first entered Costa Rica on folk 1502 (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). Columbus stayed in the country for seventeen days and was pleased by the architectural designs and gold decorations skeletal by natives. As a result, he named the country Costa Rica, meaning the rich coast.The capital city of Costa Rica is San Jose. Spanish is the major language in Costa Rica, with English coming second. Costa Rica was colonize by Spain, even though it had resisted colonization for many years. It took over sixty years for the Spanish settlers to demonstrate a strong hold of the country (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). Costa Rica has a distinct form of government. One quaint characteristic of Costa Ricans administration is that it does not have a force force. Approximately 92% of the Costa Rican population practice Christian faith (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006).Catholicism is the domain religion, and as a result, only Roman Catholic marriages are recognized as sanctioned by the government. The quality and standards of program line in Costa Rica are very high as compar ed to the neighboring countries. Costa Rica has the highest rate of literacy in Latin America (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). Nation Survey Costa Rica Brief history of Costa Rica Costa Rica is a country lying in between mountains and volcanoes in the western region of the Americas. It has four characteristic mountain ranges namely, Tilaran and Guancaste in the north Talamanca and central in the south.The history of Costa Rica can be traced back to over a hundred thousand years. By then, the country was sparsely populated. There exists no tangible sign of the mankind of a major community in the country during that period. It is estimated that thither were over twenty thousand native inhabitants in the country by 1502 (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). These people came from different backgrounds and had separate cultures and beliefs. McNeil (2001) makes it clear that the main inhabitants of ancient Costa Rica are believed to have been the Indians.Hostility of these people acted as a maj or factor that deterred colonialists from entering Costa Rica. However, a colonial base was established by the Spanish in Costa Rica (Baker, n. d). Civil fight broke out in1823, in Costa Rica, by and by Central America was granted independence. Costa Rican leaders were divided on whether to join the newly sovereign Mexico or to join the confederation of Central American states. In 1824, Juan Mora Fernandez was elected as the first professorship of Costa Rica (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006).Fernandez employ policies that promoted expansion of unrestricted education and agriculture. This resulted in the establishment and growth of new Costa Rican elite. The early years of political education in Costa Rica were characterized by anarchy. For twelve years, starting 1870, Costa Rica was under the rule of a military authoritarian General Tom S Guardia (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). In 1940, Dr. Rafael Angel Calder? n Guardia was elected as the president of Costa Rica (Vorhees and Fires tone, 2006). Guardia implemented a number of policies including land clear ups, progressive taxation, and minimum wage.However, a civil war erupted in 1948, after Guardia under the support of his United Social Christian Party refused to quit line after being defeated in elections (Baker, n. d). The war lasted for forty days and resulted in the death of over devil thousand people. The Founding Junta of the Second Re worldly concern of Costa Rica was headed by Figueres. Figueres developed sundry(a) policies and merge them with the reforms of Guardia (McNeil, 2001). The communist party was banned, women were given the right to vote and blacks were given full citizenship. Armed forces were also abolished and a term limit for the heads of state was established.In 1986, Oscar Arias Sanchez was elected as the Costa Rican head of state (Baker, n. d). Oscar implemented policies and strategies aimed at promoting peace in the western region. Structure of the government of Costa Rica Cost a Rica is a democratic nation which has a very strong dodging of constitutional checks and balances. The president, who is bestowed with executive powers, acts as the center of power for Costa Rican government. The government is made up of dickens vice presidents and twenty cabinet members. The president and other members of parliament and their deputies are elected for four-year terms.The Costa Rican Constitutional Court, in April 2003, declared a 1969 constitutional reform that barred presidents from running for re-election as invalid. This made the rectitude to revert back to the 1949 constitution (Travel archive Systems, 2009). This law allows former presidents to run for re-elections after they have been out of office for two or more terms. McNeil (2001) states that the work of supervising the electoral process is carried out by an Independent Supreme Electoral Tribunal, which is made up of three principle magistrates and six alternates appointed by the Supreme Court of le gal expert.The Supreme Court of Justice is made up of twenty two magistrates, who are selected for eight-year renewable terms by the legislative host (Travel Document Systems, 2009). The last national elections were held in February 2010. Supervision of government activities is carried out by the office of the control General, the Ombudsman and the Solicitor General. The statutory obligation of the office of the Comptroller General is to scrutinize all contracts of the public celestial sphere and firmly enforce procedural requirements (Travel Document Systems, 2009).Even though there are provincial boundaries for purposes of administration, there are no elected provincial officials. The first whitethornoral elections in Costa Rica were held in declination 2002 (Travel Document Systems, 2009). Mayors are supposed to hold office for four years. The office of the mayor was not in existence before December 2002. Administration of municipalities was the mandate of the president of eac h municipal council. Most of the state agencies in Costa Rica enjoy high levels of operational independence.These agencies include the state insurance, the telecommunications, electoral body, state oil color refinery, social security agencies, and nationalized commercial banks (McNeil 2001). Maintenance of law and order in Costa Rica is conducted by house servant police along with other domestic forces. There is no military in Costa Rica. honour for the rights of individuals and development of democracy are some of the major issues the government of Costa Rica emphasizes on (Vorhees and Firestone, 2006). The political organisation of the country has undergone steady development, and democratic institutions have been maintained in an orderly manner.There are various factors that have resulted in the steady development of Costa Rican politics. These factors include enlightened leadership, educational opportunities that have resulted in development of a stable middle class, flexible class lines in addition to relative prosperity (Travel Document Systems, 2009). Based on the fact that Costa Rica has no military forces, chances of military involvement in politics and government operations have been eliminated. Biographical sketch of Laura Chinchilla Laura Chinchilla is the current president of Costa Rica. She is the first woman to be elected president of Costa Rica.Laura Chinchilla Miranda was natural in San Jose Costa Rica on March 28, 1959 (Chinchilla, 2010). Chinchilla grew up in left-wing College halls when the countries neighboring Costa Rica were manifold in civil war. She studied at the University of Costa Rica. During her school years, Chinchilla was very much come to about the welfare of the people as a result of the numerous challenges facing the world by then. Chinchilla obtained her masters in public policy at Georgetown University. Laura has published great articles, books and monographs concerning arbiter, public security and police reforms.Be tween 1994 and 1996, Laura worked as the deputy minister of public security and later as minister of public security (1996-98) (Chinchilla, 2010). Before being elected president, Laura acted as the vice president to Oscar Arias Sanchez. Laura took office in May 2010 (Chinchilla, 2010). Problems facing Costa Rica Universidad de Pennsylvania (2010), states that Laura Chinchilla, the first woman Costa Rican president, is confront by numerous challenges. Poverty is one of the major problems facing the country. Poverty has been a long standing and legal concern in Costa Rica. Only those who are wealthy are likely to live on a wellnessy diet.Crime is the other major challenge that Costa Rican leaders are faced with. Local law enforcement agencies do not have the capacity to effectively deal with crime as compared to other countries like the United States. Robberies are conducted during the day (Universidad de Pennsylvania, 2010). Colombian cartels are also invading the country leading to an increase in the level of drug trafficking. Costa Rica is also faced by numerous health challenges. Diseases such as malaria, dengue, travelers diarrhea, altitude sickness and hepatitis are a major cause of problem for Costa Rican leaders.Traffic accidents act as a major cause of death in Costa Rica. Costa Rica is also faced with a variety of environmental challenges (Universidad de Pennsylvania, 2010). These include deforestation, soil erosion, environmental pollution, and paltry solid waste management. Presence of dangerous insects is the other challenge facing Costa Rica. Ticks, which are the popular insects found in the tropics, transmit numerous diseases. The other major challenge is the current global stintingal recession, which has adversely affected the economic growth of Costa Rica.During this period, Costa Rica has experienced a fiscal deficit of approximately 5%. This is the highest level of deficit Costa Rica have had for the last ten years (Universidad de Pennsyl vania, 2010). approximation of why this country is important The likelihood of contracting serious diseases in Costa Rica is very low. The health system in Costa Rica is excellent and the quality of sanitary systems is high. Even though there may be outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases such as dengue during wet seasons, serious cases of hemorrhaging dengue are rare.Greenspan (2009), states that Costa Ricans do not require vaccinations for a variety of diseases because they have been eradicated in the whole country. Diseases such as infective hepatitis are a serious threat to human beings but have rarely been reported in Costa Rica. The level of public safety in Costa Rica is relatively high. There have been no recent cases of terrorism reported in Costa Rica. Costa Rica is a major tourist computer address there is numerous attraction sites scattered all over the country. The country is popular as a result of adventure tourism (Greenspan, 2009).Safety of tourists is monitored by the government, which have implemented policies to make sure that tourist companies meet the stipulated safety standards and have insurance coverage. Various commodities which are expensive in other countries can be bought at a cheaper price in Costa Rica. The cost of living and traveling in Costa Rica is relatively cheap as compared to other Latin American countries (Greenspan, 2009). Conclusion It can whence be concluded that Costa Rica is one of the best nations in the world.It is one of the few countries where citizens are cheery with their government and the mode of leadership. Costa Rica enjoys a sovereign in addition to strong criminal justice system as well as a highly educated population which comprehends and reverences the rule of law. The history of Costa Rica can be traced back to over a hundred thousand years. By then, the country was sparsely populated. The main inhabitants of ancient Costa Rica are believed to have been the Indians. The early years of political develop ment in Costa Rica were characterized by anarchy.For twelve years, starting 1870, Costa Rica was under the rule of a military dictator General Guardia. Costa Rica is a democratic nation which has a very strong system of constitutional checks and balances. The president acts as the center of power for Costa Rican government. The government is made up of two vice presidents and twenty cabinet members. The president and other members of parliament and their deputies are elected for four-year terms. Laura Chinchilla Miranda, born in San Jose Costa Rica on March 28, 1959, is the current president and the first woman to be elected president of Costa Rica.Currently, Costa Rica is faced by a number of problems including the current global economic recession, crime, and poverty. However, the country remains one of the major tourist destinations in the world. This is due to the high level of public safety and cheap cost of living and traveling. Reference Baker C. , (n. d. ), History, retrieve d on high-flown 12, 2010 from http//philip. greenspun. com/cr/mo on/history Chinchilla L. , (2010), Biography of Laura Chinchilla Costa Rica, retrieved on August 12, 2010 from http//laura-chinchilla. com/biography-laura-chinchilla-costa-rica-presidential-campaign/Travel Document Systems, (2009), Government, retrieved on August 12, 2010 from http//www. traveldocs. com/cr/govern. htm Universidad de Pennsylvania, (2010), The Challenges Facing Costa Ricas First Woman President, retrieved on August 12, 2010 from http//www. wharton. universia. net/index .cfm? fa=viewArticle&id=1900&language=english Vorhees, M and Firestone M. , (2006). (edn 7), Costa Rica, ISBN 1741044634 Lonely Planet McNeil J. , (edn 3), (2001). The rough make to Costa Rica, ISBN 1858287138 Rough Guides Greenspan E. , (2009), Frommers Costa Rica, ISBN 0470482176 Frommers