An Analysis on the Interaction of the Different aspects on Human Development

scam The maturation up sue or the human victimisational sour has been an interesting subject of research in the field of psychological science. Great psychologists and sociologists obligate already provided up of the incompatible theories and hypotheses almost maturateing up. However, the application of these theories whitethorn non that easy for us to understand. Therefore this constitution shall describe, comp ar, and contrast the knowledgeal theories according to the psychodynamic, cognitive, learning, and humanistic perspectives.An anal retentiveysis on the Interaction of the Different faces on Human Developmenton the Overall Development of a boor Development or the growing-up process is the most crucial fragmentise of a idiosyncratics life. It is the time when changes in the cognitive, emotional, and biological aspects occur. Hence, this is the deliver when a soul needs utmost attention and guidance. This bea has been a topic of interest for researchers for several years which led to the birth of develop amiable psychology as a separate field of study. developmental psychology aims to compass and provide a better understanding of the idea and signifi dischargece of growing up in reaching a persons serious potential.To explain the process of human learning, various theories were proposed by several psychologists. Hence, this paper aims to describe, compare, and contrast the developmental theories according to the psychodynamic, cognitive, learning, and humanistic perspectives. Psychodynamic Perspective Freuds psychosexual conjecture There are various theories in studying the development in human life cycle. The first one is the Psychodynamic perspective. In this hypothesis, the label Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson hover among the another(prenominal)s.Freuds possible action attempts to explain human development by what he calls the psychosexual stages. According to his possibleness, sexuality starts at a in truth primeval stage in a persons life. all(prenominal) stage is identified according to the specific pleasure commencement a tiddler has on that stage. In case that a pleasure beseech is not gratified, it whitethorn eventually lead to various fixations later in a persons life (Institute of Human Thermodynamics IoHT, 2005). Freud enumerates the different psychosexual stages as follows Table 1 The Psychosexual Stages Stage Pleasure source Conflict/Fixation Oral(birth-18months)M bug outh Oral Fixation- excessive eating, drinking, smoking, and biting of nails Anal (2-4 years) Anus Anal fixation o Anal retentiveness- too much ordination/ cleanliness o Anal repulsiveness- messy Phallic (4-5 years) Genitals Oedipus (boys) or Electra (girls) complex, expurgation Anxiety, Penis Envy Latency (6-puberty) Repressed sexual urges Genital (puberty onward) animal(prenominal) sexual changes reawaken repressed needs. societal rules Freud withal emphasized the set up of the Id, Ego, and Superego in the developmental process of a churl. The id is the pleasure seeking part of one-on-ones.This is the source of biological needs and drives. On the other hand, the superego is oftentimes in conflict with the id because it consists of the moral part of individuals, and it is more popularly described as the voice of the conscience. Finally, the ego operates under reality, and it is further described by Freud as the conscious mind which contains ones thoughts, judgments, and memories (IoHT, 2005). In summary, the three principal(prenominal) concepts of Freuds psychosexual theory are (1) pleasure and fixation (2) sexuality at an early age and (3) id, ego, and superego.Pleasure and fixation deals about the pleasure sources of an individual per stage and the fixation that may come if that certain pleasure lead not be gratified. Sexuality at an early age on the other hand talks about the sexual pleasures an individual experiences during the early periods of life, which Freud explain to be the major source of all our frustrations as we grow old. Lastly he alike talks the id, ago and superego which, for Freud, are the primal controllers of our behavior. Freuds psychosexual theory is similar to other developmental theories in several ways. First, it summarizes the developmental process into stages.Second, like other theories, this theory excessively talks about a chelas needs and the sizeableness of gratification. Finally, it associates consciousness as a factor in each stage. However, the psychosexual theory appears to be different from other psychosexual theory in various ways. unrivalled of its unique features is that it deals with sexuality in the early years of a childs development. Another distinct characteristic of this theory is that it does not involve other emotional and external factors. Lastly, it does not take other areas of growth aside from the sexual development.Eriksons Psycho cordial Theory Eriksons theory deals with ad hominemity development. I n this theory, Erikson summarized the Psycho kind Development of a person into octet different stages. The 1) trust vs. mistrust, 2) autonomy vs. shame, 3) initiative vs. guilt, 4) industry vs. inferiority, 5) identity vs. character reference confusion, 6) intimacy vs. isolation, 7) generativity vs. stagnation and 8) integrity vs. despair. In each stage, a person deals with a crisis based on physiological development and the demands from the parents, guardians, or the nine (Clifton & Davis, 1995).In summary, the three main concepts of Eriksons personality development theory are (1) a persons search for an identity, which answers the question of why an individual goes by means of the different psycho complaisant development stages (2) psychosocial crisis, which talks about the social and personal difficulties and problems that a person experiences whenever he or she was not able to pass a psychosocial stage success lavishy and (3) the ego psychology in compact with Freuds ego c oncept, which explains that the ego primarily controls the way a person acts and socializes.Eriksons psychosocial theory appears to be similar to other developmental theories in numerous ways. First, like other theories, it summarizes the developmental process into stages. Second, it talks about a childs needs and the importance of gratification as well. Last, the psychosocial theory associates the issuances of the social purlieu with a childs development. However, some features of the psychosocial theory urinate it distinct from the other developmental theories. One of these features is that it believes that the ego is of utmost importance.Another characteristic of this theory that sets it apart from the others is that it believes that both social and sexual factors play an important role in personality development. Finally, it too deals with mental health. cognitive Developmental Theory The most renowned power of the Cognitive Development Theory is Jean Piaget. In this theory , he points out that cognitive development is a process where a childs knowledge and awareness of his/her surroundings is a function of experience and time.Piaget claims that children oblige this so-called reflexes at birth which control their behavior (Huitt & Hummer, 2003). These reflexes are so replaced with constructed schemes. He described the processes as Assimilation and Accommodation. Assimilation pertains to the process of victimization or trans practiceing the environment so that it earth-closet be placed in a pre-existing cognitive structure (Huitt & Hummer, 2003).On the other hand, accommodation is the process of changing cognitive structures in order to use up something from the environment. Piaget further modify his theory by enumerating what he called the stages of cognitive development 1) Sensorimotor stage (infancy) 2) Pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood) 3) Concrete Operational stage (elementary and early adolescence) and 4) supreme operationa l stage (adolescence and adulthood) (Preisser, 1997).In summary, the three main concepts of Piagets Cognitive Developmental theory are (1) reflexes and schemas are the main factors of a persons behavior (2) assimilation and accommodation, where assimilation is the process of using or transforming the environment so that it butt end be placed in preexisting cognitive structures, while accomodation is the process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment (Huitt & Hummer, 2003) and (3) constructivist learning, which explains that the learning is mostly dependent on the bookman and the teacher.It is the learner who interacts with his or her environment and thus gains an understanding of its features and characteristics (Thanasoulas, 2003). Some traits of Piagets Cognitive Development Theory are similar to other developmental theories take on the following (1) it summarizes the developmental process into stages (2) it talks about a childs needs and the importance of gratification and (3) it emphasizes the role of the parents/guardians in a childs development. However, certain characteristics of this theory make it unique and different from other developmental theories.These characteristics are as follows (1) it focuses on mental development only (2) it looks at the cognitive development not salutary as a series of several stages exactly also as a process as a square and (3) it does not look at the other factors, such as the social and emotional aspect of a childs development. discipline Perspective accessible tuition Theory Among other theorists, Albert Bandura is considered as the leading proponent of this theory. According to J. E. Ormrod (1999), Social Learning Theory keeps its focus on the learning that occurs within a social context.This is means that race tend to learn done observation and modeling. This theory also proposes that learning is still possible to occur even without a change in behavior. This is b ecause according to social psychologists, a person can learn through observation alone, and this may not manifest in ones actions. The theory also states that learning becomes possible through cognition that is, prediction of future rewards or punishments has a great effect on how a person behaves (Ormrod, 1999).In summary, the three main concepts of Banduras Social Learning theory are (1) learning through observation and modeling, where batch learn easily through observation and imitating another individuals behavior (2) cognition as a major factor of learning, which refers to an individuals knowledge absorption, analysis, and processing and (3) self-efficacy, which refers to how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Such beliefs upgrade these diverse effects through four major processes (Bandura, 1994).Banduras Social Learning appears to be similar to other theories as it (1) focuses on mental and learning process (2) emphasize the role of parents/guardians in a c hilds development and (3) mentions about the significance of reinforcements in learning. However, this theory also differs from other theory because it (1) emphasizes on modeling as a form of learning (2) deals with self-efficacy and (3) centers on the stages of the learning process rather than on the development process as a whole.Humanistic Perspective Self Actualization and power structure of Needs This theory is proposed by Carl Rogers. He explained through this theory that comely like animals, plants, and other organisms, human beings have that natural urge to spread out and survive (Boeree, 2007). This theory also emphasizes the importance of substantiative regard and positive self-regard in the process of growing up which, he says, may eventually lead a person to accomplish his or her full potential and worththe full functionality of a person.In summary, the three main concepts of Rogers constitution theory are (1) self actualization which is concerned with the awareness or realization of ones identity which helps to draw his/her utmost capabilities and potentials (2) positive self-regard, which, just like self esteem and self confidence, helps build up an individuals trust in his/herself that s/he can do anything that s/he endeavors and (3) fully functioning persona person who achieved self actualization and consistently has positive self-regard. Rogers Personality theory has characteristics that are similar to other developmental theories.These similarities include the following (1) it sees people only as grievous, healthy, well, or ill (2) it perceives mental health as a normal progression in life and (3) it is person-centered (Boeree, 2007 Pescitelli, 1996). However, this theory has features that make it different from other developmental theories. These features include (1) it is relatively simple (2) it looks at cognitive development, not as a series of several stages but also as a process as a whole and (3) it does not take into consideratio n other factors such as the social and emotional aspect of a childs development.Importance of Understanding the Developmental Theories in Helping Children Reach Their Potential All new innate(p) children need and deserve the attention, love, and support from their parents. However, the support and the care do not actually stop at that period of life rather, it has only just begun. The most important period when a child needs comme il faut care and guidance is during his/her early years. It is during this time when various factors, both privileged (e. g. , thought processes) and external (e. g. , family), shape the personality of the child and what s/he can become (Day, 2008).It is also during this stage that children find their identitywho they motivation to be in the society and how they want to be treated as a person. In this development process, the cognitive, visible, and emotional aspects of a child are interrelated in a way that each one affects the childs overall developm ent in various ways. The cognitive aspect of a childs development is directly connected to the other two since it is the mental processes which govern the rest of an individuals activities and behavior.The physical aspect on the other hand is important to be positive properly since the physical capacities and limitations of an individual depend to that. Lastly, the emotional aspect also poses significance in a childs development since this provide determine how strong and how weak shall this person be in transaction with personal and social emotional issues in the future. Thus, the parents cannot just focus on one aspect of development rather, these three aspects mustiness be interpreted into consideration and must be given proper attention.In addition to this, a growing child is more vulnerable and more fragile compared to adults. For this reason, children must receive proper guidance in order for them to become good and useful members of the society. Through the theories discus sed in this paper, it can be concluded that a childs development is never as simple as gaining height and weight. It is not as plain as learning to relieve and read better through the days spent in school.In the process, the parents and the childs environment actually mold him/her into a person who can reach his/her greatest potentials. If parents neglect or fail in this obligation, issues and problems may arise regarding a childs attitude, behavior, and capabilities later on when s/he grows as an adult. Hence, just like a butterflys metamorphosis, parents want their children to grow with the most beautiful and strongest wings possible that is, through understanding these developmental theories.ReferencesBandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). untested York Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman Ed., Encyclopedia of Mental Health. San Diego Academic Press, 1998)Boeree, C.G. (2007). Carl Rogers 1902-1987 . Personality Theories. Retrieved October16, 2008 from http//www.social-psychology.de/do/pt_rogers.pdfClifton, A. and Davis, D., Psychosocial Theory Erikson, Haverford College. RetrievedOctober 15, 2008 fromhttp//www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.htmlDay, A. (2008). Why understanding your childs personality is so important. Helium.Retrieved October 16, 2008 from http//www.helium.com/items/942762-why-understanding-your-childs-personality-is-so-importantInstitute of Human Thermodynamics. (2005, December 26). Freuds Psychodynamic Theoryand Thermodynamics 1873-1923. Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http//www.humanthermodynamics.com/Freud.htmlHuitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piagets theory of cognitive development.Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University.retrieved October 15, 2008 from http//chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.htmlOrmrod, J.E. (1999). Human Learning (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall.Pescitelli, D. (1996). An Analysis of Carl Rogers Theory of Personality.TelfordHypnotherapy. Retrieved October 16, 2008 from http//www.telfordhypnotherapy.co.uk/An%20Analysis%20of%20Carl%20Rogers.docPreisser, G. (1997). Theories and research. Developmental Psychology Student Net Letter,Mesa Community College. Retrieved October 15, 2008 from http//www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d46/psy/dev/Fall98/Theories/theories.htmlThanasoulas, D. (2003). Constructivist Learning. Center for Southeast Asian StudiesNorthern Illinois University. Retrieved October 18, 2008 fromhttp//www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Teachers_Page/Language_Learning_Articles/constructivist_learning.htmSyque. (2008). Freuds psychosexual stage theory. Changing Minds. Retrieved October 15,2008 from http//changingminds.org/explanations/learning/freud_stage.htm